Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Macbeth Critical/ Analytical Study Essay

Guilt is a very strong, uncomfortable feeling that is often a result of one’s own actions. In the play, Macbeth, the author William Shakespeare uses character development to demonstrate how guilt can be self-destructive and ultimately lead to a negative impact on an individual’s mental stability. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Macduff all suffer from a guilty conscience which affects them in different ways but ultimately causes them to behave irrationally. A person’s guilt and disgrace has the power to drive them to insanity and sometimes self-destruction. Macbeth starts out as a brave, heroic individual who is widely respected throughout his country. However, behind the valiant image is a secret that is slowly eating away at him. Macbeth is a murderer. The guilt and shame commence when Macbeth allows himself to be manipulated to commit such a beastly act. When he first experiences his guilty conscience, he mistakes the feeling as fear. This is first evident just before he murders King Duncan and Macbeth has a vision of an imaginary dagger. â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me,/ the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.† (2.1.33-34). He realizes that the dagger is just an image in his mind, but decides that it is a result of his fear and continues with the task. This is the first point where Macbeth shows a sign of a mental breakdown, although he is still able to think somewhat rationally. This ultimately evolves into a hardened Macbeth and causes him to continue with his horrific actions until he is out of control. The murder of King Duncan is followed by the murders of many others, including his closest friend Banquo. The build-up of guilt begins the affect Macbeth’s mental state more and more until he can no longer think straight. He begins to hallucinate and on occasion has visions of the ghost of Banquo. The ghost first appears at the banquet, where Macbeth sees the bloody image of Banquo sitting at the dinner table. His horrific reaction alone shows the guilt he has for the murder, and the fact that no other guests at the banquet are aware of the ghost confirms that the ghost has been made up in Macbeth’s head. This is the point at which the mental illness begins to take over, causing Macbeth to behave insanely as well. The guilt and shame of his actions is what in the end destroys him. The murder of Macduff’s family is the main example of how rampant he becomes; it is the unnecessary murder of the complete innocent. Macbeth’s disgrace is obvious near the end of the play, where he informs Macduff that he would not harm him as he is already guilty of murdering his whole family. â€Å"But get thee back; my soul is too much charged/ With blood of thane already† (5.8.6-7). He proves this when he has an opportunity to kill Macduff but instead backs down. This is the point in the play that represents the self-destruction of guilt. Out of revenge, Macduff soon after slays Macbeth, taking his life. With such a build up of guilt and shame driving him to the point of insanity, Macbeth’s mental instability eventually took over and led him to his own destruction. Macbeth’s wife experiences similar guilt, although is affected by it in a different way. Lady Macbeth is the individual who first instigates Macbeth to commit his first crime. She has a considerable amount of ambition for power, and is not afraid to execute any kind of horrific offence in order to get the power she wants. After the murder of the King, Lady Macbeth does not show signs of disgrace like her husband, in fact she tells Macbeth that they need to forget about the crime all together. â€Å"Things without all remedy/ Should be without regard: what’s done is done.† (3.2.13-14). However, guilt still haunts Lady Macbeth, but it haunts her in her subconscious. She makes it clear that she is unable to sleep at night and that she is disturbed by nightmares. Although, Lady Macbeth is only involved with the initial murder of Duncan, the several murders that follow are out of her control. Her idea of covering up and forgetting about the crime is soon taken over by an out of control guilty conscience. She begins to show remorse for the actions, but her guilt is what drives her to her insanity. The point at which this is evident is when she is found sleep walking one night. During her soliloquy, memories of the night of the murder tumble out, revealing some of her guilty secrets. â€Å"The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now?† (5.1.30). â€Å"I tell you again, Banquo is buried; he cannot come on’s grave.† (5.1.44). This is also the point at while Lady Macbeth’s mental instability begins to show. She starts hallucinating that she has blood on her hands from the murder that she cannot seem to wash off. â€Å"Out, damned sport! Out, I say!† (5.1.25). Lady Macbeth’s shame overpowers her, leaving her incapable to think or act rationally and her conscience is what ultimately causes her to take her own life. Lady Macbeth loses control of her emotions and guilt and her shame overwhelms her to the point of suicide. Macduff is another character who is consumed with guilt as well, but for a different reason. His guilt is not for any crimes he has committed, but it is a result of one of Macbeth’s. Macduff leaves his family alone at their house in Scotland, while he travels to England in order to gather forces to stand against Macbeth. Because of this, Macbeth sees him as a threat to his power and does anything he can to stop him, just as he has to any other individuals who came across as a threat. While Macduff is away, Macbeth murders his wife and children, as well as any employees found in his house. Macduff blames himself and feels guilty for leaving his family alone to be slaughtered. â€Å"Sinful Macduff,/ They were all struck for thee! Naught I am,/ Not for their own demerits, but for mine,/ Fell slaughter on their souls.† (4.3.231-234). Macduff then shows his firsts signs of inability to think rationally as a result of this guilt. His immediate reaction Is revenge on Macbeth, and he is then driven by the idea of his murder. Macduff vows to kill Macbeth on his own blade. When he achieves his wish of revenge and frees the country of Macbeth’s tyranny, he does so in a way that was no better than the acts of Macbeth. Even when a person’s guilt is brought upon them by an act which is out of their control, it can still affect their mental state and cause them to lose control of their emotions. No matter the individual, or their title, guilt can take over anyone. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth had guilt that led to their own self-destruction. Macduff’s led to an irrational decision and a result no better than that of Macbeth’s actions. When individuals allow their emotions take over their actions it to a lack of ability to reason, it can drive a person mad and ultimately lead to their own downfall.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Coeducation in Pakistan

Coeducation is to educate both boys and girls together. in the modern world of today,coeducation is the new order of the day. most of the countries in the world have adopted this form of education. in Pakistan too, there are some schools where there is coeducation whereas, in many institutes there is sex-segregation. coeducation finds its origin in Sparta,Greece. at that time,there was no distinction between boys and girls. they studied and played together. they were given academic education along with physical training.Plato,the great philosopher theorized that coeducation was essential for the development of personality. he believed that coeducation was the only way to make boys and girls beneficial to the society. therefore,west has acknowledged and adopted the benefits of coeducation since long ago. In the subcontinent, during ancient times,coeducation was present at a few places. but,gradually girls education begin to be ignored. the educational system of that time was quite dif ferent from that of today. boys were sent to gurukuls where they spent most of their educational period.They were imparted physical and academic education. the former included warfare training while,the latter comprised of study of scriptures. in medieval india, women and people belonging to lower caste were forbidden from reading the scriptures. However,raja ramohan roy,the great social reformer revolted against this practice. his succesors also played a pivotal role in revolting against the illiterate practices. Islam has stressed upon the importance of education. infact, the first word revealed was â€Å"iqra† translated as† to read†. Islam has ordained both men and women to acquire education.Holy prophet P. B. U. H said â€Å"acquire education from cradle to grave†. similarly,islam also acknowledges that an illiterate and an educated man can never be equal. During the time of Holy Prophet(P. B. U. H),mosques were the only educational institutions. there are no instances recorded where holy prophet P. B. U. H forbade his wives from attending semon(khutba),the primary tool of education. Apart from this ,there are many examples which illustrate that muslim women accompanied there men to mosques and even inquired questions from Holy prophet in the presence of men.Even today,many liberal muslims acknowledge that morality emanates from heart. Quran, time and again, has emphasized muslims to guard themselves against immorality. it says â€Å"say to the believing men to lower their gaze and to guard their private parts†¦. †. many Islamic scholars acknowledge the fact that islam has not barred both the sexes from acquiring education together as long as morality is not infringed. Coeducation, in Pakistan has always remained a controversial issue. some people want this system to be adopted in all the institutions on the other hand, there is a sizeable portion of population that is opposed to it.Both the schools of thought present argument supporting their stance. proponents of coeducation argue that it is the need of hour and that it has the ability to eliminate the problems of the developing country. nonetheless,the opponents dare to disagree. to them,the system does not confirms to the religious, social and cultural values of the society. Coeducation has the ability to cope with the problems of developing countries. for instance,Pakistan is a developing country. it will be difficult for a developing economy to maintain separate instituitions for both sexes.if coeducation system is introduced in all the schools and colleges of the state, then the cost of separate infrastructure, stationary and recruitment personnel can be saved. A country can develop only by increasing the rate of literacy. unfortunately, for developing countries, there is a dearth of well trained teachers. if both girls and boys are taught together in the same class, at the same time then this issue can also be resolved. In coeducation, b oys and girls get the opportunity to intermingle and to understand each other. by studying together, they will develop mutual respect and understanding.Professor simon said â€Å" the only reason to support coeducation is that without it, boys and girls will not be knowing about each other for many years†. In a coeducational instite, boys and girls interact with each other freely. they become broadminded and overcome their shyness. There is no hard and fast rule that if girls will always intereact with girls and boys with boys when they grow up . therefore coeducation will boost their confidence level, which will be beneficial in their future life. such individuals will be more comfortable interacting with opposite sex be it at professional or personal level.Coeducation will provide both sexes an opportunity to learn to cooperate with each other. they will be working together in assignments and projects which will help them to understand the way opposite sex works. this will help them in their respective role taking when they enter practical lives. this cooperation will create a feeling a comradeship in both the sexes. Proponents of coeducation argue that such an educational system will be useful for their personality development. in a coeducation,boys will be free to intereact with girls.Doing so, will help them to understand opposite sexing a better way and allow them to develop a healthy personality.. they will,then not indulge in eve teasing. the students of today will be the citizens of tomorrow. it is the demand of today,to allow individuals to grow in a free atmosphere. In addition, coeducation will allow both the sexes to treat each other on equal terms. girls will become more confident and responsive and the boys will develop more tolerance. the relationship between them will be based on equality,respect and humanity. this will help them to overcome the centuries old system of male dominance.Researchers argue that coeducation has proved to be a better educational system as in such colleges,the results of exams are far better than in sex segregated schools. in coeducation, boys and girls compete with each other and try to remain ahead of the other one. this results in better academic results. A research conducted concluded that presence of girls in class prevents boys from indulging in unruly behavior. it also helps in fostering stronger bondage between teachers and students. generally, in coeducational classes, the number of violent outbursts are fewer. Presence of more than 55% girls in class room has shown better exam results.Particularly, at primary level,coeducation has shown exceptional results. Boys and girls in presence of each other become more conscious of their habits, style and appearance. they abstain from exhibiting immoral behaviour. they try their best to please the opposite sex by showing best behaviour. these habits become a part of the personality. Women of today are entering every profession in large nu mber. they are heading big organizations. They face similar challenges as boys while finding jobs or in professional life. therefore,it is imperative that they should be given education on similar grounds as boys.Although,it is a fact that both boys and girls have different ways of learning,but still it is observed that their joint education has a positive influence overall. Infact, the supporters of coeducation speak of its benefits as if it’s the only road to heaven. Every coin has two sides. An impartial eye should focus on both the silvery sides rather than adopting a biased attitude. The opponents of coeducation believe that in coeducation, boys and girls are exposed to each other. the temptation of flirting appears more attractive than the urge to open books.It also destroys the relationship between teacher and student as temptation cannot differentiate between teacher or student. People against coeducation state that it is not the panacea to the problems of developing countries,in reality it will sprout more problems. Anyone who has attended even a few schools and colleges in Pakistan knows the fact that they are frightfully overcrowded. even girls only institutes present a similar picture. therefore, new institutions are needed and if a few are reserved for girls and boys separately,it will not be an additional burden on the economy.Perhaps, the greatest harm that coeducation can cause is to lead to moral depravity. in coeducation, boys are girls are free to interact with each other. curiousity plays its role well in this regard. the immoral standards promoted by media fill up the gap created from the germs of curiousity implanted by satan. this coupled with the fact, that the students are deprived of sincere supervision, as the teachers themselves do not present an ideal picture of morality and decency. As a result, they fall victim to sexual impurity. Religious conservatives argue that coeducation will wreak havoc to the Islamic values.As boys and girls will be easily accessible to each other, this will promote development of immoral relations between them. they support their view by stating that during the time of Holy Prophet(P. B. U. H) educational instituitions were mosques where, though coeducation was present,but the chances of going astray were limited. they further emphasise that the present coeducational system are not at conformity with the Islamic approach to coeducational system. Supporters of coeducation believe that this system will promote understanding between both sexes.However, the opponents say that if boys and girls cannot understand each other in family and home then they will not be able to do so in coeducation. why is it that a person thinks he can understand the opposite sex only when he meets his neighbour’s daughter? Further, it is believed that coeducation is a western concept. many people want to adopt coeducation because it is prevalent in west. they think that if west has it then they must have it too. They want to be more western than the west. but,they should bear it in mind that a system should be adopted only if it goes along with cultural,social and religious values of a society.Certainly,our society does not accepts the present coeducational system. Antagonists of coeducation assert that it is an urban concept. boys will grow up to earn while girls will maintain their household. they emphasize that as both sexes will play a different role, there is no logic in teaching them similar curricula in a similar manner. Even teachers of some subjects such as biology hold opinion that it is easier to teach certain chapters more thoroughly in presence of only girls or boys in the class room. They find teaching certain topics embarrassing and difficult in coeducation.Nowadays, sex education is becoming a part of the curricular. this further acts as fuel on fire. Certain educationists believe that students do not remain focused in studies in the presence of opposite s ex. they remain more engaged in paying attention to opposite sex, than on lectures. Therefore,it is feared that coeducation will not raise the standard of education,instead will lower it. In coeducation institutions, boys and girls are more consumed by how they appear to the opposite sex. they spent countless hours contemplating what to wear, how to wear and where to wear.This leads to the loss of precious time which should have been dedicated to studies only. The only solution that springs to mind in view of Islamic injunctions and logic of common sense is that there should be sex segregated institutions. however, if a developing country like Pakistan is not able to do so in current situation then it is the responsibility of government to take measures to ensure that coeducation does not attacks the moral values preached by islam. Firstly, the curricula chosen should be such that does not risks morality.Secondly,government should be careful in choosing faculty. the teachers recruit ed should be an embodiment of decency and morality. meanwhile, the religiou conservatives should adopt an attitude of tolerance. Nonetheless,it is also important that some girl doctors should be educated in coeducation otherwise,our mothers and sisters will have compelled to expose their private parts before male doctors under ailment. but still,it is the responsibility of the government to ensure sex segregated educational instituitions whenever,it can bear the expenses.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Race Relations Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race Relations Act - Essay Example To satisfy the huge public outcry the McPherson Inquiry was initiated and in this report several recommendations in order to counter racism were made. Some of these recommendations were to incorporate cultural diversity into the National Curriculum, to check the correlation between school admissions and academic achievement and to assess the success of teachers' activities in these areas. Despite seeming to be related to the statutory education system these recommendations have a very important bearing on the education of adults in respect of racism. The National Neighbourhood Renewal Strategy (2001) has specified that inadequate availability of education, health; employment and housing greatly affect a significant number of people from the minority communities. In 2001, it was estimated that the black and minority communities comprised 8% of the total population of England. In England, fourteen percent of students belong to the black and minority group. Therefore, in education the opportunities made available to the black and minority communities have to be increased significantly. ... viders to make certain that members of the black or minority community are provided with better access to education, employment and training (Increasing participation and raising achievement of black minority group adults in post-16 education, n.d.). The objective of the Race Relations Amendment Act 2000 is to address this problem. It requires the public authorities to reassess their policies and procedures and thereby take such measures as will promote racial equality and get rid of discrimination. It comprises an amendment to the Race Relations Act 1976, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin. This Act applies to "Ministers, Central government departments, Local Authorities, regional agencies and enterprise networks, Police authorities, Health authorities, health boards, NHS Trusts and primary care trusts, Education authorities, grant aided and self governing schools, colleges and universities, Communities Scotland, Professional bodies, Libraries, museums and galleries". It empowers individuals or groups to oppose unlawful discrimination by resorting to judicial review. The Commission for Racial Equality is empowered to initiate inquiries, resort to judicial review and issue compliance orders if a public body infringes the Act (The Race Relations Amendment Act 2000, 2002). In the Act these are known as the general duty of public authorities, the specific duties of authorities and the publishing of a race equality scheme, which has to specify as to how it will ensure equal opportunities and good race relations, and as to how it will refrain from racial discrimination (The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000, 2005). Many people have been barred either directly or indirectly from further education due to

Sunday, July 28, 2019

How does film in the U.S today influence people perception of Chinese Annotated Bibliography

How does film in the U.S today influence people perception of Chinese culture - Annotated Bibliography Example The article appears in the Journal of World History, a reputable publishing industry in communication, world history, and media studies, making it a reliable source. In addition, the information gathered is extracted from publish sources whose credibility is not in doubt. Furthermore, the research utilized critical analysis in the presentation of the secondary data collected in the research. This article served as a source of secondary data in research about how the Chinese society is viewed from the mirror of the American films. The insightful argument presented indicates that the claims and demonstration that are made about the Chinese culture in the Hollywood is a mere stereotype that has no cultural or traditional background. The author found out that the presentations made in the American films are for entertainment purposes and not a demonstration of the Chinese culture. The primary aim of this thesis was to de demystify racial and myths about the Chinese males in the Hollywood films that was directed towards assisting the American filmmakers and community from the prolonged stereotype about the Chinese people. The research identified the American perception of the Chinese culture on the role and behavior of the male Chinese residents through films in the American film industry. The data collected in this primary research was aimed at identifying the stereotypes of the Chinese male in the film industry from 1910. Notably, this is helpful in creating awareness about the exaggerated stereotypes about Chinese men being described as robbers and hooligans in the American films This article demonstrates a primary source of data on the stereotypes of Chinese men in the American films. Yu Feng considers that the demonstration of Chinese men as criminals is a stereotype that has been held by the American films. The data provided by Yu Feng has been verified by the College of Journalism and Communications at the University of Florida. Specifically,

Super size me ( the movie ) written aurgument Essay

Super size me ( the movie ) written aurgument - Essay Example And if he is asked to super size the meal, he has to say yes. Spurlock’s reason for his position is to prove that eating products which are modified such as refined carbohydrates and sugars, products that have preservatives and products which have high calories are harmful to our health and it would complicate our heart, liver, blood and other parts of our body. And most of these products are found in fast food restaurants. He uses this experiment as his means to support his reasons. During Spurlock’s first week of McDonald’s diet he gained 8.5 pounds, which is from 185.5 pounds (Spurlock’s weight before McDonald’s diet) to 194 pounds. During the first week Spurlock was consuming 5000 calories per day which is way above the amount of calories he needs per day which is only 2500 calories. During the second weigh in, Spurlock gained 9 pounds, which is from 194 pounds – 203 pounds. During his third weigh in he lost 1 pound, which is from 203 pou nds – 202 pounds. But his cholesterol levels went up from 165 – 225, his SGOT levels went from 21 – 130 and his SGPT levels went up from 20 - 290. The rapid growth of his cholesterol levels and liver enzymes levels (SGOT/SGPT) made the doctor advice Spurlock to stop his high fat diet before it gets worse. The people who would disagree with Spurlock are the people who are behind the fast food company. The fast food company claims that they are part of the obesity problem but they also claimed that people have the freedom to choose where and what to eat. Fast food restaurants don’t force people to eat their products, but billions are spent on advertising these products. It is on paper, radio, television and internet. Plus they have this must-have-toys and playgrounds which is very inviting to the kids. Spurlock responds to this by letting people have more healthy options. Spurlock visited numerous

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Journal 1 Information Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal 1 Information Structures - Essay Example There are, however, challenges which needs to be addressed so that the government can fully benefit from the IT, particularly pertaining to policy, strategy, data and information control, costs, workforce and changes. These rests on the shoulders of the CIO and the proficiency of agency leaders to match the rapid influx of technology with the corresponding policy decisions (Fountain, 2007, 63-93). Readings: Fountain, Jane, E. 2007. â€Å"Challenges to organizational change†: Multi-Level integrated information structures (MIIS). In Governance and information technology: From electronic government to information government, ed. Viktor Mayer – Schonberger and David Lazer, 63-93. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Main argument Governments are big users of information and appropriate resources to create, share and disseminate information to enhance delivery of public services. Design of information flow, however, revealed several challenges which need to be ad dressed in terms of complexity of a tri-level nature of change at the micro-level, organizational and inter-organizational levels, and institutional level.

Friday, July 26, 2019

Managing Youth and Community Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Youth and Community Work - Essay Example Youth clubs have a long and storied history in the United Kingdom. Though serving a modified client base, in many ways Sweatman's assessment of the need for Youth Clubs is reflected in the activities modern day Youth Services provide (i.e. companionship, useful instruction, strong guiding influence). Youth services rely on public funds to run their programmes, though they are rarely run like most public agencies. There is a strong reliance on volunteers and part-time employees, emphasizing partnerships in the community. As such, managing youth and community workers can be challenging. Understanding management needs in this field necessitates an understanding of the differing management theories from which the youth service and individual youth and community managers will draw. Some consider Machiavelli's The Prince to be the seminal work in management philosophy. However, most students in the field regard Frederick Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management as the definitive work quantifying and describing management theory. ... y the turn of the century it was evident that informal leadership structures of the past needed to be formalized to organise and direct the ever-increasing employee base while enhancing productivity. Taylor is credited with coining the term "scientific management" as well as the first theorist of the Classical School of Management Theory. As noted by Freeman (1996), key components of scientific management include: Developing a science for each person's work Scientifically selecting, training, teaching, and developing each worker The belief that "management should do the thinking while workers should perform the tasks." (Herndon, 1997) Prosperity for the employer and employee Freeman further noted that Taylor's "Task Idea" is one of the most prominent elements of this era. The "Task Idea" focuses on planning, planning the task of each worker including planning instructions to complete the task, planning the time to complete the task, planned so that each worker performs a task most suited to their strengths. Although initially scientific management seemed to enhance efficiency and productivity, its routine nature led to worker boredom and the management-labor rift grew precipitously. Another prominent theory of the Classical School is Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management theory. Indeed, Weber is credited with coining the term "bureaucracy" to describe a given organisational structure. As reprinted in Miller (1963), Weber believed the "fundamental categories of rational legal authority" to include: 1. A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules 2. A specified sphere of competence 3. The organization of offices follows the principle of hierarchy; that is, each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. 4. The rules which

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Has the US lost the plot in Latin America Essay

Has the US lost the plot in Latin America - Essay Example He is described as one of the most important intellectuals of our time. "US Perspectives and Foreign Policy in Latin America" homes in on the Heritage Foundation. Wikipedia describes Heritage's stated mission as to: "formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense." "Venezuelan "Bolivarian Revolution" and Bolivia's "Movement Towards Socialism" lays down the ideological basis of the emerging economic models of both Bolivia and Venezuela. The Power and Interest News Reports (PINR) [url: http://www.pinr.com/ ] was chosen as the main source for its largely unbiased views. "Left versus Left'" offers glimpses of how a radical socialist criticizes other avowed leftists or center-left politicians. James Petras, a Latin American expert and self-described "revolutionary and anti-imperialist" activist and writer, was chosen for his controversial views and mastery of Marxist political economy. "Prognosis" lays down the conclusions of the main themes: (1) "Does the rise of left wing presidents in Latin America represent a threat to the US," (2) "Focus with a case study of Bolivia; the rise of anti neo liberal leaders - could they combine to create an alternative model for development Compare to empirical evidence and the rise of populism in the past;" and (3) "Examining the prospects of an 'alternative' to capitalism; the search for a non dependent model is back on the agenda because of the wave of anti American feeling and the rise of relations for example between Brazil and China." Has the U.S. lost the plot in Latin America "There is trouble ahead for Uncle Sam in his own backyard. Big trouble. It is one of the most important and yet largely untold stories of our world in 2006. George W Bush has lost Latin America. " -- British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), April 2006 1 I. Introduction The BBC, the world's largest broadcasting corporation, ran a series on Latin America early this year. The BBC asserted that while the U.S. government has been busy implementing its war against terrorism in Iran and Afghanistan, its relations with Latin America turned sour, from Mexico down to Peru. Strong anti-American feelings, or what one Peruvian leader called "the neo-liberal economic model that has failed to benefit our nation", converted into a string of electoral victories by what the West perceives as left-leaning governments. 2 A "leftward" drift is apparent in Latin America's southern hemisphere since the start of the decade. In Venezuela, leftist Hugo Chavez garnered 56.93% of the votes in 30 July 2000. In Brazil, center-Left Luis Inacio LULA da Silva won 61.27% in the second round of elections in October 27, 2002. In Argentina, left-leaning Nestor Kirchner was sworn in as president on May 25, 2003 to a four-year term of office after his rival, Carlos Menem, decided

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting Essay

Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting - Essay Example The essay "Difference between Romantic and Modern Painting" discovers the Romantic and Modern Painting. Picasso was one of the artist who developed the kind of painting called abstract. In this style of painting, only selected qualities or characteristics of the subjects are used in the finished picture. the still life of a pitcher, candle and handled box on a table top rendered in rust orange, brown, blue, yellow, off-white, gray and black. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, a member of an artists group known as Die Brucke. They valued truthfulness more than clever techniques and in fact they often used deliberately rough ways of working, as if that were a proof of the strength of their Feelings. The group works on watercolors, drawings and woodcuts. Kirchner and the group can be measured by their extraordinary production. The rapid development of their personal styles was a result of their activity, including life, drawing and painting as well as the production of woodcuts, lithographs and dra wings. Luca Fa Presto (Luke work quickly) because of his prodigious speed of execution and huge output. His style became much more colorful under the influence of such great decorative painters .He absorbed a host of influences and was said to be able to imitate other artists styles with ease. (1812-1867) Rousseau is best known for turning themes of humanity's relations into nature. Some of this most famous works include: Springtime, Under the Birches, and Clearing in the Forest near Fontainebleau. ... He was nicknamed Luca Fa Presto (Luke work quickly) because of his prodigious speed of execution and huge output. His style became much more colorful under the influence of such great decorative painters .He absorbed a host of influences and was said to be able to imitate other artists styles with ease. . Romantic Painters Theodore Rousseau (1812-1867) Rousseau is best known for turning themes of humanity's relations into nature. Some of this most famous works include: Springtime, Under the Birches, and Clearing in the Forest near Fontainebleau. Rousseau's paintings as embodiments of a new way of seeing the world, a new sense of the deep interconnectedness between the human and natural worlds that coincided with the earliest formulations of modern ecological thought. These techniques were very prevalent in Rousseau's art. Rousseau paints the solitary oak dominating a flat patch of pastureland. He sees the peculiar ragged cha racteristics of the gnarled branches, the coarse density of the oak foliage, the tufts, and clouds of the turf with pools of standing water like glass reflecting the sky. The grand compositions of this landscape are replaced by others that express the spontaneous and informal aspects of nature. This nature lover painter, saw the landscape in its quiet moods with fresh nave eyes. Cropsey and Hudson River School Despite a tendency toward harshness of colors, did notable paintings. Sunset, Hudson River is a rather odd marriage of a formulaic Hudson River School composition and this luminist style. In most luminist works the sunlight is evident only in the diffusing effects of its rays, but in this painting the setting sun is a palpable orb. One feels as if the strength of its light could not only diffuse

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Employees' Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employees' Benefits - Essay Example This study suggests â€Å"Leverage the power of the leading stock plan administration technology Our Full Service Plan Administration solution is delivered through our proprietary web technology, Shareworks† (Share Works Premier 2010 par 2).The employer can establish new plans like incentive plans, savings and investment plans. Employees are the most important assets of an organization, who are the pillars which support the organization and without an organization cannot operate its business therefore, Use of web-based technology will help the Microsoft to re-establish stock purchase plan in a better way which will be helpful for the organization to sustain and motivate its employees, web technology will also help the organization to improve its administration and will allow the employees to stay updated about current and upcoming incentive plans (Beam and McFadden, 2001). Introduction of new plans will motivate the employees to work efficiently and these new plans will cover the loss of employee stock purchase plan to employees and will provide more investments option to employees, so introduction of new plans will allow employees to reduce the investment risk by diversifying the portfolio through investing in other investment and savings plans. Investment and saving plans generally provide a sense of ownership in the firm, these plans will definitely boost up employees motivation and their loyalty towards their organization, Microsoft then be able to retain its efficient and productive workers. Microsoft should also increase its existing plans such as increasing the discount percentage on employee stock purchase plan; it will improve the current working conditions of employees and will help the organization to provide employees with improved working environment, researches have shown that improving existing incentive plans will increase the motivational level of employees and it increases organization’s performance as well. The company should al so devise new incentive plans and rewards, new incentive plans to the efficient workers will be helpful for the organizations to get best out of their employees in return; whereas organization should introduce new awards and should make sure that those employees who are doing well and meeting their targets should be appraised and rewarded in front of everyone, it makes sure that management cares about them and notices their every effort made for the well-being of the organization. New incentive plans will provide a new opportunity to employees for self-improvement and for enhancing their living style (Martocchio, 2010). Use of web technology will also allow the organization to provide detailed information about plans to the employees that will increase clarity and transparency; it will help the employees to understand offered plans in a better way. Clarity and transparency reflects the mirror image of an organization, so basically it eliminates or minimizes doubts regarding the imag e of the organization, it will help employees to stay clear about plans and will definitely increase employees’ strive towards achieving those incentives and rewards that will eventually increase organizational productivity and performance (Medina, 2006). Web technology will also help the organization to manage the reward system in an efficient way, so that deserving employees won’t get de-motivated and will be rewarded timely. Use of web technology will decrease the administrative cost of the organization, will allow the organization to better utilize its capital on incentive plans offered to employees. Employees work for some compensation and they always need a pay back for their efforts not only in terms of basic salary but in shape of extra benefits as well. Extra

Monday, July 22, 2019

Business Strategy Kerry Group Essay Example for Free

Business Strategy Kerry Group Essay In 1972 Kerry Group started its operation in Listowel, Co. Kerry. In 1974 Kerry Group has been formally established as Kerry Cooperative Creameries Limited in County Kerry, Ireland. The company grew in less than 30 years from this small provincial dairy for one of the world leaders in specialty food ingredients producers and distributors. During the 1970s, the company expanded to include a large number of dairy farms and processing plants in the counties of Cork, Killarney, Galway and Limerick. Between 1979 and 1985, Kerry has built a lot of confidence in their abilities and technologies. During the 1980s the business strategy of the organization was based on organic growth with a focus on diversification. With that Kerry began branching out from its core dairy products in other categories of food. The company had its growth through acquisitions including a number of manufacturing facilities and other food processing, located throughout Ireland and Northern Ireland. In 1986 with Denis Brosnan as chief executive, the cooperative decided to become a full-fledged company, listing its shares on the Irish Stock Exchange. The newly public company reported strong growth after its first  full year of operations, with revenues nearing IR £ 300 million, and net profits of nearly IR £ 6.3 million. Before the end of the decade Brosnan managed to double the sales of the company maintaining its Expansion in Ireland with the acquisition of 1986 Snowcream Moate Dairies, and the formation of a division of convenience foods, bringing the company into this increasingly prominent market. Alongside this movement was the intensification of business Kerry special ingredients. At the same time, Kerry also established presence in the United States, the opening of a processing facility dairy product, Jackson, Wisconsin in 1987. In the 1990s Kerry Group continued to expand its business into the UK from the acquisition of new businesses to the already existing portfolio company. Kerrys acquisition drive continued into the late 1990s, bringing the company into France, Italy, Poland, Malaysia, Brazil. Two important acquisitions highlighted Kerrys expansion. The first came in 1994 when the company acquired the business of food processing DCA, bringing the company to a position outstanding among North Americas specialty ingredients producers. The DCA purchase also introduced it to the Australian and New Zealand markets. The opportunity for renewed expansion came in February 1998, when the Kerry Group announced its agreement to purchase the food ingredients businesses of the U.K.s Dalgety PLC. Kerry acquired Dalgety Food Ingredients plants in the United Kingdom and in Hungary and the Netherlandsnew markets for Kerry well as plants in France, Italy, and Germany. The Dalgety acquisition firmly established Kerry as the top specialty ingredients producer in Europe, and one of the worlds leaders in its specific categories. Kerry was now turning its attention to two new markets: the Far East and South America both markets represent a huge potential new customer, both for the companys products and food brands, and products for their  ingredients. Companys initial forays into these markets include acquisitions of plants in Malaysia and Brazil, while the company predicted that these markets are reaching some 25 percent of the companys revenue at the beginning of the next century. Strategic Levels According to Porter Porter in Montgomery (1998) corporate strategy is the general plan for a diversified company, which has two levels of strategy: the strategy of the business unit (or competitive), and corporate strategy (or entire corporate group). To Christensen in Fahey Randall (1999), corporate strategy is one that is concerned with three major issues to be faced by the managers of the corporation: 1. The corporate scope: that complex business corporation should attend? 2. The relationship between its parts: on what basis the business units of the corporation should relate to each other? 3. Methods for managing the scope and relationships: that specific methods acquisitions, strategic alliances, divestitures, and others will be adopted to effect specific changes in corporate scope and relationships?

Change Model Essay Example for Free

Change Model Essay The aim of this essay is to critically analyse the background of the Qantas and its decision to launch Jetstar on May 2004 that operated around 800 flights a week across network of 14 destinations within Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. Secondly, this essay will evaluate how Data Collection Feedback Cycle change model is used to gather major information and to critically analyse it. Thirdly, this essay will critically evaluate the background of Qantas and Virgin Blue and will also highlight various reasons that eventually led the Qantas group for the launch of the Jetstar. Fourthly, this essay will also critically analyse the revenue and profit performance of Qantas prior the introduction of Jetstar i.e. 2002. Fifthly, it will continue to critically evaluate the trend in Qantas and Virgin Blue in 2003. Then the sixth paragraph will also critically evaluate the trend in Qantas after the launch of Jetstar. Lastly, the essay will also look into the annual reports of the year 2005-2009 and critically analyse the significant value added by the Jetstar to the Qantas group; and will critically analyse whether the executive decision of Qantas to launch Jetstar in order to retain the 60% domestic aviation market from its competitors has been a strategic success or not. This paragraph will critically analyse the change management information gathered to launch Jetstar low cost airline in May 2004 by using the Data Collection Feedback Cycle change model. Nadler (1977) as cited in Cumming and Worley (2009:122) highlights that the Data Collection Feedback model consists of five phases that are (1) planning to collect data, (2) collecting data, (3) analysing data, (4) feeding back data and (5) following up on the data collected. In planning to Gather information to justify change Nadler (1977) argues that primary methods such as, direct interviews with CEO and key change agents, observing and identifying the need for change and the use of un obstructive measure as sampling technique, force field analysis and scatter diagrams, could be used to gather major information. In contrast Danaher have used various published data to trace the evolution of the Jetstar strategy of its initial position, to its efforts to attain price competitiveness and service parity, followed by its highly focused, cost-effective service delivery strategy. Based on it they have developed a hierarchical model with parameters estimated at the  individual level. This allows us to study not only how service design and pricing initiatives shift the perceived performance of Jetstar relative to its competitors but also how the airline can move market preferences toward areas in which it has competitive advantage. After done with the planning of the collection of data from competitors performance on its revenue, sales profits, passenger numbers and market share in 2002, 2003 and 2004 against Qantas key performance indicators for the same period between 2002, 2003 and 2004 from the Annual Reports of both Virgin Blue and Qantas domestic operations. Nadler (1977), after the data has been collected data they are analysed using the qualitative change data such as directors report, World Business Briefing /Australia: Airline Profit(2004).The reminder of this essay will critically analyse the data collected from secondary sources such as Annual Reports, newspaper articles and journal articles to analysis the data sourced to evaluate what would be the most effective change to be implemented by Qantas in responding to Virgin Blue competition the Australian aviation domestic sectors. This paragraph will evaluate the basic background of Qantas and Virgin Blue and will also highlight various reasons that eventually led the Qantas group for the launch of the Jetstar. After the deregulation of Australian aviation market there were several airline companies entering the market however the most significant entrance was of low fare airlines Impulse in June and Virgin Blue in August 2000. The arrival of Impulse Airlines and Virgin Blue doubled the number of players and dramatically challenged the stable duopoly of Qantas (after its merger with Australian Airlines) and Ansett, setting off a vicious price war (Traca, D., 2004). However, Impulse facing a major trouble in the cash flow agreed on May 1, 2001 to hand over its operations to its biggest rival, Qantas Airways. As per the deal Impulse stopped its passenger service under its own name on May 14 and leased 21 aircraft as well as cabin crews and pilots to Qantas. The deal led the stock of Qantas heaved by 26% closing at $3.40 per share giving Qantas a significantly stronger position in the Australian market (Gaylord, 2001). Qantas, Australia’s leading domestic and international carries launched a budget airline called Jetstar in May 2004 (Qantas annual report, 2004). With Jetstar Qantas’s aim was to cover the low fare segment of the aviation  industry, which came into existence in the year 2000 with its competitor, Virgin Blue. Virgin had been successfully eating up QANTAS market share by attacking it from below as a no frills provider. In 2001 the collapse of Ansett in domestic market, led Qantas to lease extra flights, add hundreds of special flights in order to help stranded travellers due to Ansett crisis. At the time Qantas flew more than 50,000 former Ansett passengers for free and other 65,000 on heavily discounted fares. Due to this Qantas was able to deliver a profit before tax of $631m and net profit after tax of $428 million at the end of 2002, 30 June, despite of the fact that the world’s aviation market was suffering from â€Å"constant shock syndrome†, due to the September 11 attack followed by bombings in Bali, the war in Iraq and of course the devastating outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Qantas annual report, 2003). The shutdown of Ansett also highly benefitted Virgin Blue, since the event provided a wide opportunity for Virgin Blue to grow rapidly and become Australia’s second leading domestic carrier. In 2000 it started with only one route (Brisbane to Sydney) with two aircrafts and a team of just 200 people. In 2001, with the opportunity to widen its market segment, 14 new routes were launched (virginaustralia – history). The aim of this paragraph is to highlight how Qantas and Virgin Blue became the only two players in the Australian domestic aviation market in 2002. It will also look in to the key financial indicators of both the companies so that a comparison could be drawn out. In 2002 there were only two companies that survived the fare war of 2000-2001. One of them was Qantas that gained 80% of the domestic market share following Ansetts cessation. Whereas, the number of international passenger declined by 11% which makes an average decline of about 25% in global aviation market (Traca, D., 2004). In the same year Qantas domestic carried 1485 million passengers making a RPK of $2034 million and the ASK of $2503 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2002). Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30th June 2002. As per the financial result the company had $631 million of profit before tax, a net profit after tax of $million, revenue of $ 10,968.8 million and earnings per share of 29.1 cents (Qantas annual report, 2002). The other survivor of the fare war, Virgin Blue managed to emerge as second Australian Domestic carrier, covering of about 20% of the domestic market  (Traca, D., 2004). Due to its strategic low operating cost and soaring market share, it was able to achieve net profit before tax of $34.8 million and revenue of $388.3 million. In this year the airline carried 3.2 million passengers, its traffic as measured by RPK’S was 3169 million, capacity measured by ASK’S was 3898 million (Virgin Blue annual report, 2004). In March 2002 Patrick Corporation, the premier port cargo handler, bought 50% of the airline. This change made Godfrey, chief executive of Virgin Blue confident about the enlargeme nt of the domestic operation and also expansion into the international market with service to South Pacific (Traca, D., 2004). This paragraph critically analyses the key financial indicators of the Qantas and the Virgin Blue of the year 2003. It will also highlight how Virgin Blue concentrating only of the leisure domestic market was slowly overcoming the market share of Qantas. In 2003 Qantas domestic carried 1768 million passengers making a RPK of $2262 million and the ASK of $2683 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2003). Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30th June 2003. As per the financial result the company had $502.3 million of profit before tax, a net profit after tax of $343.5 million, revenue of $11,374.9 million and earnings per share of 20 cents (Qantas annual report 2003). Speaking of announcements, in the Annual General Meeting held on 16th October 2003 it was announced that â€Å"the airline is investigating the establishment of separate domestic low cost airline to service the leisure market in Australia† (Preliminary monthly traffic and capacity statistics, July 2003).In this same year Virgin Blue carried 6.8 million passengers, its traffic as measured by RPK’S was 7194 million, capacity measured by ASK’S was 9078 million. Taking advantage of the fact that Virgin Blue had no other competitor serving the price sensitive market of Australia, it earned revenue of $914.6 million, compared to previous year the revenue earned up roared by 135.5% and the number of passengers carried also increased by 107% (Virgin Blue annual report, 2003). This paragraph will critically analyse the launch of Jetstar in May 2004 and the changes that it brought in the key financial indicators of Qantas and as well as of Virgin Blue. Following the announcement made in 2003 Annual  General Meeting Qantas Introduced Jetstar in May 2004. In the first year Jetstar alone carried 273,000 passengers. Prior Jetstar Qantas already had Qantas Domestic and Qantas Link serving domestic passengers. With these three Qantas in total carried 1973 million passengers. Compared to 2003/04 the number increased by 9.4% (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2004). In the same year Total Domestic (Qantas, Qantas Link and Jetstar) traffic was measured in Revenue Passenger Kilometres (RPKs) of $2451 million while capacity, measured in Available Seat Kilometres (ASKs) increased to $3021 million (Traffic and capacity statistics, 2004). On 19 August 2004, Qantas announced its financial results for the year ended 30 June 2004. In the announcement it was stated that the company had achieved a profit before tax of $964.6 million and a net profit after tax of $648.4 million. Similarly, $11.4 billion of revenue, earning per share of 35.7 cents (Qantas annual report, 2004/05). Despite increasing domestic competition during the year Virgin Blue continued to show strong growth and profitability. During the year Virgin Blue carried over 10million (m) passengers, an increase of 53% compared to previous year. Doubling its passenger number the third time in a row in this same year it welcomed its 20 millionth passenger. Its revenue for the 2004 financial year was $1362.3million which is 49% more than the previous year. In the same year profit before tax was up by 45% to 226.2million and a Net Profit After Tax of 158.5million (Virgin blue annual report, 2004). Till March 31, 2004 Virgin Blue had 44 Boeing Net Generation 737 – 700 737 -800 aircraft out of which 36 were leased and 8 were owned. However, during the year the fleet was increased by 15 aircrafts. Since the day of establishment Virgin Blue was committed to keep its cost base low and they are continuously working through it so that they could consistently provide their customers with low fares travel. Their cost per ASK for the financial year 2004 was 8.16 cents whereas a year before it was 8.48 cents. A decrease of 3.5% put the company on a good front in terms of scale and productivity (Virgin blue annual report 2004). The Australian discount airline Virgin Blue, has won 30% of the market from Qantas, the national carrier, which will introduce a low-fare airline, Jetstar. Fare surcharges are being imposed by both groups as fuel pri ces rise (Shaw, 2004). Jetstars initially offered $48 for Melbourne to Hobart route and from $54 for Sydney to the resorts south of Brisbane. The price was similar  to what the price Virgin Blue was offering at the same period. All Jetstar flights offered one class of travel, with unreserved seating. In contrast Virgin Blue offered assigned seating and baggage connections to final destinations (Henly, 2004). This paragraph critically analyse the key indicators for Qantas and Virgin Blue for launching Jetstar in May 2004. It is very clear with the annual report that Jetstar has been profitable ever since it was launched in the year 2004 (Jetstar Media centre). However, the road wasn’t quiet smooth in the initial years. From its launch Jetstar was exclusively using a â€Å"low price† message in its communication, but it was lagging way behind Virgin Blue in terms of quality. The Jetstar overall quality disadvantage was greater at 22.3% (6.02 versus 7.75) (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Fig 3). Jetstar was already appealing on the price front, and then it addressed its deficit in quality and tackled that by focusing on some specific sub attributes (not disclosed by the company) that provided Jetstar a good opportunity to overcome the point of difference with Virgin Blue. Then the price perception of Jetstar relative to Virgin Blue dramatically improved from 6.9% deficit in March 2008 to 2.5% deficit in only 3months i.e. 7.42 versus 7.62 (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Fig 3). Since the establishment the main concern as a parent company for Qantas Group was that whether Jetstar would financially be profitable in its own right. Hence, it did by earning revenue of $1.020 billion, $1.414 billion, and $1.605 billion in the year 2007, 2008, and 2009 respectively. It was 7%, 10%, 12% of Qantas group revenue respectively (Qantas annual report, 2009). Similarly, in the same order the profit earned was $79 million, $104 million and $118 million (Danaher et.al, 2011. pp. 586 -594, Table 2). Similarly, speaking of market share of Jetstar, it has increased by 29% from the year 2008-2009. Earlier with the perceived mediocre price competitiveness and low quality it was in a poor position as compared to Virgin Blue, whereas, with the necessary remedies taken within the 1st quarter of 2008 it was in position almost equal to Virgin Blue in terms of covering the large proportion of the target market. Jetstar Market Share of Domestic Australian Leisure Air Travel was 14% in the first quarter of 2008, with the changes made the market share increased to 14.6% and it gradually kept on increasing and it had 18.1% of market share in March 2009. Further, with the increase in profit it improved its perceptual position, whereas,  Virgin Blue has remained relativ ely stationary. In conclusion if we are to pay close attention to the domestic growth strategies of the country’s largest airline company; Qantas, its decision of launching Jetstar seems be a successful strategic decision. It was matter of concern that the Virgin Blue an airline company focusing on the price sensitive market would whether survive the competition with 82 year old veteran airline company. However, with its striking approach of low fare Virgin Blue today covers 35% market share of the domestic aviation sector. By critically evaluating the financial indicators of both companies for the year 2002-2004 and also following the series of events, it becomes quiet clear that though Virgin Blue had started small it managed to cover 20% of the target market in 2002. In further years concentrating only in the no frill travel it was able to hold the 30% of the market share, which became a matter of concern for Qantas because though it was making more profits then Virgin Blue it was losing it domestic market grip, therefore, led to the launch of Jetstar. However, even after the Launch of Jetstar Qantas performance was not like it was expected because in the year 2004 Qantas domestically carried only 2061 million passengers which were only 88 million more than the last year. However, with the necessary major changes (not disclosed by the company) Jetstar alone was able to regain the market share of 18.1% by March 2009. REFERENCE LIST Gaylord, B. (2001). Qantas to Absorb Competitor As Fare War Takes a Victim. The New York Times; Business Day. 11Shaw, J. (2004). World Business Briefing /Australia: Airline Profit. The New York Times; Business Day. Henly, G, S. (2004). Travel Advisory; New Offshot of Qantas Offers Lower Fares. The New York Times; Travel Danaher. J. P., Roberts. H. J., Roberts. K., Simpson. A. (2011). Applying a Dynamic Model of Consumer Choice to Guide Brand Development at Jetstar Airways. Marketing Science, 30(4), 586 – 594. Doi: 10.1287/mksc.1100.0619 Traca. D., (2004). Virgin Blue Fighting With National Champion. INSEAD, 5179. Traffic and Capacity Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors-traffic-statistics/global/en Jetstar Media Centre. Retrieved from: http://www.jetstar.com/mediacentre/facts-and-stats/jetstar-group Nadler, D. (1977). cited in Cumming and Worley (2009). Organization development change, 9th edition, South- Western Cengage Learning. Qantas annual report (2002). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2002AnnualReport.pdf Qantas annual report (2003). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2003AnnualReport.pdf Qantas annual report (2004). Retrieved from http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2004AnnualReport.pdf Virgin Blue annual report (2004). Retrieved from http://www.virginaustralia.com/cs/groups/internetcontent/@wc/documents/webcontent/~edisp/annual-rpt-2004-a3.pdf

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Importance Of Grid Computing

Importance Of Grid Computing Today we are in the Internet world and everyone prefers to enjoy fast access to the Internet. But due to multiple downloading, there is a chance that the system hangs up or slows down the performance that leads to the restarting of the entire process from the beginning. This is one of the serious problems that need the attention of the researchers. So we have taken this problem for our research and in this paper we are providing a layout for implementing our proposed Grid Model that can access the Internet very fast. By using our Grid we can easily download any number of files very fast depending on the number of systems employed in the Grid. We have used the concept of Grid Computing for this purpose. The Grid formulated by us uses the standard Globus Architecture, which is the only Grid Architecture currently used Worldwide for developing the Grid. And we have proposed an algorithm for laying our Grid Model that we consider as a blueprint for further implementation. When practically implemented, our Grid provides the user to experience the streak of lightening over the Internet while downloading multiple files. Whats Grid computing? Grid Computing is a technique in which the idle systems in the Network and their wasted CPU cycles can be efficiently used by uniting pools of servers, storage systems and networks into a single large virtual system for resource sharing dynamically at runtime. These systems can be distributed across the globe; theyre heterogeneous (some PCs, some servers, maybe mainframes and supercomputers); somewhat autonomous (a Grid can potentially access resources in different organizations). 2. Grid computing (or the use of a computational grid) is the application of several computers to a single problem at the same time usually to a scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of computer processing cycles or access to large amounts of data. According to John Patrick, IBMs vice president for Internet strategies, the next big thing will be grid computing. Although Grid computing is firmly ensconced in the realm of academic and research activities, more and more companies are starting to turn to it for solving hard-nosed, real-world problems. 3.IMPORTANCE OF GRID COMPUTING: Grid computing is emerging as a viable technology that businesses can use to wring more profits and productivity out of IT resources and its going to be up to you developers and administrators to understand Grid computing and put it to work.Its really more about bringing a problem to the computer (or Grid) and getting a solution to that problem. Grid computing is flexible, secure, coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions, and resources. Grid computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing resources suchas processing, network bandwidth,and storage capacity to create a single system image, granting users and applications seamless access to vast IT capabilities. Just as an Internet user views a unified instance of content via the World Wide Web, a Grid user essentially sees a single, large, virtual computer. Grid computing will give worldwide access to a network of distributed resources CPU cycles, storage capacity, devices for input and output, services, whole applications, and more abstract elements like licenses and certificates. For example, to solve a compute-intensive problem, the problem is split into multiple tasks that are distributed over local and remote systems, and the individual results are consolidated at the end. Viewed from another perspective, these systems are connected to one big computing Grid. The individual nodes can have different architectures, operating systems, and software versions. Some of the target systems can be clusters of nodes themselves or high performance servers. 4. BEGINNINGS OF THE GRID Parallel computing in the 1980s focused researchers efforts on the development of algorithms, programs and architectures that supported simultaneity. During the 1980s and 1990s, software for parallel computers focused on providing powerful mechanisms for managing communication between processors, and development and execution environments for parallel machines. Successful application paradigms were developed to leverage the immense potential of shared and distributed memory architectures. Initially it was thought that the Grid would be most useful in extending parallel computing paradigms from tightly coupled clusters to geographically distributed systems. However, in practice, the Grid has been utilized more as a platform for the integration of loosely coupled applications some components of which might be running in parallel on a low-latency parallel machine and for linking disparate resources (storage, computation, visualization, instruments). Coordination and distribution two fundamental concepts in Grid Computing. The first modern Grid is generally considered to be the information wide-area year (IWAY). Developing infrastructure and applications for the I-WAY provided a seminar and powerful experience for the first generation of modern Grid researchers and projects. This was important, as the development of Grid research requires a very different focus than distributed computing research. Grid research focuses on addressing the problems of integration and management of software. I-WAY opened the door for considerable activity in the development of Grid software. 5.TYPES OF GRID: The three primary types of grids and are summarized below: 5.1 Computational Grid A computational grid is focused on setting aside resources specifically for computing power. In this type of grid, most of the machines are high-performance servers. 5.2 Scavenging grid A scavenging grid is most commonly used with large numbers of desktop machines. Machines are scavenged for available CPU cycles and other resources. Owners of the desktop machines are usually given control over when their resources are available to participate in the grid. 5.3 Data Grid A data grid is responsible for housing and providing access to data across multiple organizations. Users are not concerned with where this data is located as long as they have access to the data. 6.OUR PROPOSED GRID MODEL: We are using the Scavenging Grid for our implementation as large numbers of desktop machines are used in our Grid and later planning to extend it by using both Scavenging and data Grid. Figure1 gives an idea about the Grid that we have proposed. Cycle_stealing CPU-scavenging, cycle-scavenging, cycle stealing, or shared computing creates a grid from the unused resources in a network of participants (whether worldwide or internal to an organization). Typically this technique uses desktop computer instruction cycles that would otherwise be wasted at night, during lunch, or even in the scattered seconds throughout the day when the computer is waiting for user input or slow devices. 6.PROBLEMS DUE TO MULTIPLE DOWNLOADING: While accessing Internet most of us might have faced the burden of multiple downloading and in particular with downloading huge files i.e., there can be a total abrupt system failure while a heavy task is assigned to the system. The system may hang up and may be rebooted while some percentage of downloading might have been completed. This rebooting of the system leads to download of the file once again from the beginning, which is one of the major problems everyone is facing today. Let us consider N numbers of files of different sizes (in order of several MBs) are being downloaded on a single system (a PC). This will take approximately some minutes or even some hours to download it by using an Internet connection of normal speed with a single CPU. This is one of the tedious tasks for the user to download multiple files at the same time. Our Grid plays a major role here. 8.CONCEPT OF OUR PROPOSED GRID: In order to avoid this problem we have formulated our own Grid for such an access to the Internet via an Intranet (LAN). By using our Grid these large numbers of files are distributed evenly to all the systems in the Network by using our Grid. For example we have taken into account of a small LAN that consists of around 20 systems out of which 10 systems are idle and 5 systems are using less amount of CPU(for our consideration) and their CPU cycles are wasted. And our work begins here, as we are going to efficiently utilize those wasted CPU cycles into working cycles. FIGURE 1: LAYOUT OF OUR INTRANET GRID 8.1WORKING OF THE PROPOSED GRID: When we are downloading multiple files using Internet the Grid formulated by us comes in to action. A dialog box will appear on the Desktop asking the user whether to use the Grid or not? If the user selects use the Grid, then automatically the available system resources in the Network are obtained by the Globus Toolkit. The configurations of the idle systems are noted and the highest configuration system gets the highest priority in the priority Queue. E.g. If there is a supercomputer with 8 CPUs, another Supercomputer with 5 CPUs and some other PCs with P3-2.0GHz, P4-2.0GHz, P4-2.5GHz, P3-1.0GHz, P31.3GHz, P4-1.5GHz, P3-1.13GHz, P4-2.4GHz are found in the Network. Then the order of priority will be: 1. Supercomputer-8 CPUs, 2. Supercomputer-5 CPUs, 3. P4-2.5GHz, 4. P4-2.4GHz, 5. P4-2.0GHz, 6. P3-2.0GHz, 7. P4-1.5GHz, 8. P31.3GHz, 9. P3-1.13GHz, 10. P3-1.1GHz. Now the user can click any number of files to download. The file size of each file is obtained and is stored in the priority Queue based on maximum size as highest priority. Now the highest priority fileis matched with the highest priority system in the Network. The files get evenly distributed to their matched idle systems. The downloading gets completed in those systems and these file gets stored in the common database. The authenticated user can access this database and can retrieve his file that he has downloaded. The various processes that are taking place in our Grid such as authentication, availability of resources, scheduling, data management and finally job and resource management are viewed by following a standard architecture The Globus Architecture. 9.EMPLOYING THE GLOBUS ARCHITECTURE IN OUR GRID: While planning to implement a Grid project, we must address issues like security, managing and brokering the workload, and managing data and resources information. Most Grid applications contain a tight integration of all these components. virtual_organisation The Globus Project provides open source software tools that make it easier to build computational Grids and Grid-based applications. These tools are collectively called the Globus Toolkit. Globus Toolkit is the open source Grid technology for computing and data Grids. On the server side, Globus Toolkit 2.2 provides interfaces in C. On the client side, it provides interfaces in C, Java language, and other languages. On the client side, the Java interfaces are provided by the Java Commodity Grid (CoG) Kit. Globus runs on Linux, AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, and also on windows operating systems. The Globus architecture represents a multiple-layer model. The local services layer contains the operating system services and network services like TCP/IP. In addition, there are the services provided by cluster scheduling software (like IBM Load Leveler) job-submission, query of queues, and so forth. The cluster scheduling software allows a better use of the existing cluster resources. The higher laye rs of the Globus model enable the integration of multiple or heterogeneous clusters. 10.ACCESSING THE INTRANET GRID: When any user wants to access our proposed Intranet Grid in order to download multiple files over the Internet, then he should follow certain procedures that we consider necessary for the security of our Grid. The main Requirements for Processing in Grid Environment are: Security: single sign-on, authentication, authorization, and secure data transfer. Resource Management: remote job submission and management. Data Management: secure and robust data movement. Information Services: directory services of available resources and their status. Fault Detection: Checking the intranet. Portability: C bindings (header files) needed to build and compile programs. 11.EXISTING ALGORITHM FOR GLOBUS ARCHITECTURE: Step[1]. Create security_proxy via GSI services Step [2]. Access a MDS-GIIS server Step [3]. Search for required machine(s) Step[4]. Rank the machine list based on a scheduling policy Step [5]. Prepare the data Step[6]. Transfer the data to the target machine by using GASS services Step [7]. Prepare a RSL document Step[8]. Submit the program using GRAM services Step [9]. React to status changes from GRAM Step[10]. Get results via GASS Here, we have got the resources available in the Network which is automatically done by have the Globus Toolkit in the server. When we want to download a file this information has to be matched with the client module and then the downloading has to be carried out in the clients. For this we have added some modules to the Grid Architecture. ADDED MODULE: Step [11]. Get the Information about files to be downloaded. Step[12]. Match the files with appropriate Machines. Step [13]. Store files in common database. Step[14]. Retrieval of data from database is done after proper authentication. Youll also see how Grid services and the very framework it all rests on is very much like object-oriented programming. 12.PROPOSED ALGORITHM FOR OUR INTRANET GRID: Steps to perform multiple downloading on the Grid. The host details are got from the server of the LAN in order to identify the various hosts. The host information is got whenever needed on the priority queue basis. //module for downloading files [1]. Start lookup // look for file size and resource information [2]. Declare nres, nfile // no of resources available and no of files [3]. Input nres, nfiles [4]. Input size // the file size [5]. Initialize P1 . res info // store the resource information in priority queue P1 with highest system configuration as priority [6]. Initialize P2 . file size // store the file information in the priority queue P2 with maximum file size as priority [7]. If condition (nfiles == nres) // check whether the no of resources is equal to no of files [8]. Initialize counter [9]. For (counter =1; counter [10].Assign the 1st file of P2 to the 1st node in P1.// first node will be node with highest configuration and first file will be the file maximum size. [11].Start processing // files directed to the appropriate system for accessing their wasted CPU cycles. [12].Loop [13].Else: [14].Start timer [15].Delay . 1 min [16].Collect incoming files // the files that the user clicked to download in this duration. [17].Assign the files . P2 [18].Goto step 8 [19].Goto step 1 [20].End // when the user exits from proposed Grid. 13. CHANLLANGES OF GRID A word of caution should be given to the overly enthusiastic. The grid is not a silver bullet that can take any application and run it a 1000 times faster without the need for buying any more machines or software. Not every application is suitable or enabled for running on a grid. Some kinds of applications simply cannot be parallelized. For others, it can take a large amount of work to modify them to achieve faster throughput. The configuration of a grid can greatly affect the performance, reliability, and security of an organizations computing infrastructure. For all of these reasons, it is important for us to understand how far the grid has evolved today and which features are coming tomorrow or in the distant future 14.Job flow in a grid environment Enabling an application for a grid environment, it is important to keep in mind these components and how they relate and interact with one another. Depending on your grid implementation and application requirements, there are many ways in which these pieces can be put together to create a solution. 15.Cloud Computing vs Grid Computing: For some, the comparison between these two types of computing could be hard to understand since they arent much exclusively to each other .Rather,they are used for enhancing the utilization of the available resources. The only differentiating factor between the two is the method it adopts for computing the tasks within there individual environments.In grid computing, a single big task is split into multiple smaller tasks which are further distributed to different computing machines. Upon completion of these smaller task, they are sent back to the primary machine which in return offers a single out put. Whereas a cloud computing architecture is intended to enable users to use difference services without the need for investment in the underlying architecture.Though, grid too offers similar facility for computing power ,but cloud computing is not restricted to just that.With a cloud users can avail various services such as website hosting etc. In some aspects Cloud Computing will beat Grid computing,In some aspects Grid Computing will beat Cloud Computing Technology. 16.Grid Usage : 1)Over view of AppLogic 2)Application Configuration 3)Application Provisioning 4)Application Template and Provisioning with AppLogic 2.3.9 5)Custom Application Development 6)Application Migration 7)Hands-on Custom Appliances 8)Creating Custom Appliances Catalogs 9)Building Appliances with the new APK 10)New Linux Distro Appliances 11)Application Architecture and Development 12)Building Application Scalability 13)Creating Assemblies 14)Installing c Panel on on Applogic 15)Volume Maintainence 16)Failure Handling Recovery 17)High Availability 18)Scalable cPanel Application overview 19)Backup and Disaster Recovery Strategies 17.ADVANTAGES Some advantages are quite obvious. No need to buy large symmetric multiprocessors(SMP) servers for applications that can be split up and farmed out to smaller servers (which cost far less than SMP servers). Results can then be concatenated and analyzed upon job(s) completion. Much more efficient use of idle resources. Jobs can be farmed out to idle server or even idle desktops. Many of these resources sit idle especially during off business hours. Grid environments are much more modular and dont have single points of failure. If one of the servers/desktops within the grid fail there are plenty of other resources able to pick the load. Jobs can automatically restart if a failure occurs. This model scales very well. Need more compute resources just plug them in by installing grid client on additional desktops or servers. They can be removed just as easily on the fly. Upgrading can be done on the fly without scheduling downtime. Since there are so many resources some can be taken offline while leaving enough for work to continue. This way upgrades can be cascaded as to not effect ongoing projects. Jobs can be executed in parallel speeding performance. Using things like MPI will allow message passing to occur among computer resources. Can solve larger, more complex problems in a shorter time Easier to collaborate with other organizations Make better use of existing hardware 18.DISADVANTAGES Grid software and standards are still evolving Learning curve to get started Non-interactive job submission 19 CURRENT PROJECTS AND APPLICATIONS The Enabling Grids for E-sciencE project, which is based in the European Union and includes sites in Asia and the United States, is a follow-up project to the European DataGrid (EDG) and is arguably the largest computing grid on the planet. This, along with the LHC Computing Grid (LCG), has been developed to support the experiments using the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The LCG project is driven by CERNs need to handle huge amounts of data, where storage rates of several gigabytes per second (10 petabytes per year) are required. A list of active sites participating within LCG can be found online as can real time monitoring of the EGEE infrastructure.The relevant software and documentation is also publicly accessible. Another well-known project is distributed.net, which was started in 1997 and has run a number of successful projects in its history. The NASA Advanced Supercomp-uting facility (NAS) has run genetic algorithms using the Condor cycle scavenger running on about 350 Sun and SGI workstations. Until April 27, 2007, United Devices operated the United Devices Cancer Research Project based on its Grid MP product, which cycle-scavenges on volunteer PCs connected to the Internet. As of June 2005, the Grid MP ran on about 3.1 million machines . Another well-known project is the World Community Grid . The World Community Grids mission is to create the largest public computing grid that benefits humanity. This work is built on the belief that technological innovation combined with visionary scientific research and large-scale volunteerism can change our world for the better. IBM Corporation has donated the hardware, software, technical services, and expertise to build the infrastructure for World Community Grid and provides free hosting, maintenance, and support. 20.CONCLUSION: Grid computing was once said to be fading out but due to the technological convergence it is blooming once again and the Intranet Grid we have proposed adds a milestone for the Globalization of Grid Architecture, which, leads to the hasty computing that is going to conquer the world in the nearest future. By implementing our proposed Intranet Grid it is very easy to download multiple files very fast and no need to worry about the security as we are authenticating each and every step taking place in our Grid and in particular user to access the database. Further implementations could be carried out in the nearest future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks for having a review on our paper and awaiting for your comments and suggestions. BIBILIOGRAPHY: [1].The Globus Alliance, The Globus Toolkit 3.0. [2].Foster, The GRID: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure.Morgan-Kaufmann, 1999. [3].Foster, I, Kesselman, C, Nick, J.M., and Tuecke, S. The Physiology of the Grid: An Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems Integration. WEB REFERENCES: [1].www.wikipedia.com [2].www.GridForum.org www.gridcomputingplanet.com [4]. www.globus.org/ogsa.2002 [5] http://www.gridrepublic.org/ Authors Biography A.Rajashree doing my B.Tech IT 2nd Year in Bannari Amman Institute of Technology ,Sathyamangalam,ErodeDistrict.My mail id is [emailprotected] .Mobile number:9965546234 Tharani.V doing my B.Tech IT 2nd Year in Bannari Amman Institute of Technology ,Sathyamangalam,ErodeDistrict.My mail id is [emailprotected] Mobile number:8508538449

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Reclaiming the Voice in So Long a Letter Essay -- So Long a Letter Ess

Reclaiming the Voice in Bà ¢'s So Long a Letter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Peter Barry identifies as one of the major aims of Postcolonial criticism the rejection of "the claims to universalism made on behalf of canonical Western literature" and more specifically "to show its limitations of outlook, especially its general inability to empathize across boundaries of cultural and ethnic difference" (198). Although Bà ¢'s intentions are not primarily anti-colonial, her novel So Long a Letter exemplifies how African literature provides a different perspective of their culture, and despite not fitting the model of the English canon, is valuable and significant on its own terms. Bà ¢ is not writing in defence of Africa. She is writing about Africa, and gender and class are much more fundamental to her work than race. It can be argued that rather than writing back to Empire, she is writing back to African male authors on behalf of African women, reclaiming the voice that has been previously denied to them. Mariama Bà ¢ was born into an influential Senegalese family in 1929. She was one of the first women to receive a Western education in Senegal. Reared by her maternal grandparents in a traditional Muslim household, she attended school only by the grace of her father, who had a strong vision of the future for his daughter. Bà ¢ attended the French School in Dakar and went on to study at the École Normal in Rufisque, entering with the highest exam score in all of French West Africa, graduating in 1947. She experienced life under colonialism, and also witnessed firsthand the events surrounding Senegal's independence from France, which was granted on April 4, 1960.1 Taking the social and political context from which Bà ¢ is writing into consideration, it i... ...Bà ¢'s Fiction." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Eds. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: African World Press, 1986. 161-71. Carole Boyce, and Elaine Savory Fido. "African Women Writers: Toward a Literary History." A History of Twentieth-Century African Literatures. Ed. Oyekan Owomoyela. Lincoln: U. of Nebraska P., 1993. 311-46. Rueschmann, Eva. "Female Self-Definition and the African Community in Mariama Bà ¢'s Epistolary Novel So Long a Letter." International Women's Writing: New Landscapes of Identity. Eds. Anne E. Brown and Marjanne E. Goozà ©. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 3-18. Yousaf, Nahem, "The 'Public' versus the 'Private' in Mariama Bà ¢'s Novels." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 30.2 (1995): 85-98. Zell, Hans, et al. A New Reader's Guide to African Literature. New York: Heinemann, 1983.    Reclaiming the Voice in So Long a Letter Essay -- So Long a Letter Ess Reclaiming the Voice in Bà ¢'s So Long a Letter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Peter Barry identifies as one of the major aims of Postcolonial criticism the rejection of "the claims to universalism made on behalf of canonical Western literature" and more specifically "to show its limitations of outlook, especially its general inability to empathize across boundaries of cultural and ethnic difference" (198). Although Bà ¢'s intentions are not primarily anti-colonial, her novel So Long a Letter exemplifies how African literature provides a different perspective of their culture, and despite not fitting the model of the English canon, is valuable and significant on its own terms. Bà ¢ is not writing in defence of Africa. She is writing about Africa, and gender and class are much more fundamental to her work than race. It can be argued that rather than writing back to Empire, she is writing back to African male authors on behalf of African women, reclaiming the voice that has been previously denied to them. Mariama Bà ¢ was born into an influential Senegalese family in 1929. She was one of the first women to receive a Western education in Senegal. Reared by her maternal grandparents in a traditional Muslim household, she attended school only by the grace of her father, who had a strong vision of the future for his daughter. Bà ¢ attended the French School in Dakar and went on to study at the École Normal in Rufisque, entering with the highest exam score in all of French West Africa, graduating in 1947. She experienced life under colonialism, and also witnessed firsthand the events surrounding Senegal's independence from France, which was granted on April 4, 1960.1 Taking the social and political context from which Bà ¢ is writing into consideration, it i... ...Bà ¢'s Fiction." Ngambika: Studies of Women in African Literature. Eds. Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves. Trenton, NJ: African World Press, 1986. 161-71. Carole Boyce, and Elaine Savory Fido. "African Women Writers: Toward a Literary History." A History of Twentieth-Century African Literatures. Ed. Oyekan Owomoyela. Lincoln: U. of Nebraska P., 1993. 311-46. Rueschmann, Eva. "Female Self-Definition and the African Community in Mariama Bà ¢'s Epistolary Novel So Long a Letter." International Women's Writing: New Landscapes of Identity. Eds. Anne E. Brown and Marjanne E. Goozà ©. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 3-18. Yousaf, Nahem, "The 'Public' versus the 'Private' in Mariama Bà ¢'s Novels." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 30.2 (1995): 85-98. Zell, Hans, et al. A New Reader's Guide to African Literature. New York: Heinemann, 1983.   

The Community vs The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA)

Abraham Lincoln said, â€Å"You can please some of the people some of the time, all of the people some of the time, some of the people all of the time, but you can never please all of the people all of the time.† This rings true, especially when different groups of people are trying to reach a consensus. Every organization has its own set of stakeholders, all with their own opinions, thoughts, and ideas of how things should be. Many organizations do not consider their stakeholders in their decision-making process. However, for those who want to be seen as a good neighbor, it is a constant challenge to incorporate the community’s wishes while still following their own agendas in an effort to maintain a collegial, collaborative environment. The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA), is a self-supporting agency that is responsible for the operation of Reagan National Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport. It was formed in 1987, through an act of Congress, and is governed by a seventeen-member board of directors, with members appointed by the president, the governors of Maryland and Virginia, and the mayor of the District of the Columbia. It does not receive taxpayer money, but generates funds from aircraft landing fees, passenger facility charges, bonds, federal and state airport improvement program funds, and the rents and revenues from the concessions that operate within the two airports. In 2008, the Commonwealth of Virginia transferred the control, maintenance, and daily operation of the Dulles Toll Road to MWAA. The reason for this transfer was so the tolls collected could help finance the construction of the Silver Line, an extension of the Washington, D.C. Metrorail system. T... ...n participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review 64(1), 55-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004. 00346.x Julian, D. A., Reischl, T. M., Carrick, R. V., & Katrenich, C. (1997). Citizen participation – lessons from a local United Way planning process. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(3), 345-355. doi: 10.1080/01944369708975927 Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. (November 14, 2012). Airports Authority cites progress in addressing audit findings by Inspector General: Policy revisions focus on procurement, human resources. Retrieved from http://www.mwaa.com/5591.htm. Sherfinski, D. (2011, July 20). Airports board approves above-ground Dulles Metro station. The Washington Times. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/ jul/20/mwaa-approves-plan-above-ground-dulles-metrorail-s/print/

Friday, July 19, 2019

Soccer :: essays research papers fc

Procedures 1. The team that wins the coin toss may choose to kick off or defend the goal of its choice. 2. All players must be on their own half of the field before the kickoff takes place. 3. Defensive players must be outside the center circle, at least ten yards away from the ball, for the kickoff. Players 1. Each team has up to eleven players; one is the goalkeeper. The other players are known as defenders, midfielders, and forwards, or strikers. 2. In major competitions, a team may not use more than three substitutions in a game. In other competitions up to five may be used. 3. A substitute must be summoned onto the field by the referee and must enter the field at the centerline after the player she/he is replacing has left the field. Equipment 1. The ball is round, covered in leather or in leather like material, and is between 27 and 28 inches in circumference. It must weigh 14 to 16 ounces and have 14 pounds of air pressure. 2. Players dress in team shirts, shorts, shin guards, and socks. Shoes may have studs if they are rounded, no longer than .75 inch, and no less than .5 inch in diameter. Goalkeepers often wear elbow and kneepads and gloves. The goalkeeper wears different colored uniform than his teammates. 3. Any equipment deemed dangerous to players may not be worn. This includes, earrings, glasses, necklaces, bracelets, watches, and casts and braces that the referee considers dangerous. Modifications 1. Soccer is played on various sized fields w with competitions ranging anywhere from 3 on 3 players through 11 on 11. Offside, and Goalkeeping Offside A player is offside if he/she is closer to the opponentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal line than the ball is, unless the player is still in his/her own half of the field or at least two opponents are closer to the opponentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal line. Offside is determined by the playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position at the moment of the pass, not at the moment he/she receives the pass. A player is not offside when he/she receives a ball that, bounces off a defender who had possession of the ball, comes at him directly from a goal kick, corner kick, or throw in; was deflected by the goalkeeper, or was shot at the goal and bounces off a defender. Nor is player offside when he/she is in line with a defender a⁴桴⁥潭

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Treatments for Heroine Addiction

Developments in the treatments for heroin addiction have recognized the importance of combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to provide comprehensive or holistic intervention and ensure better results. The treatment for heroin addiction also coincides with the stages of addiction so that during the initiation of use and continuous craving for heroin, the treatment is crisis intervention. In the stages of detoxification and relapse, the treatment is cure of heroin addiction, patient care, and cure of co-occurring physical and mental disorders.In crisis intervention, naloxene is used for non-fatal overdose while methadone or buprenorphine together with cardiopulmonary resuscitation for fatal overdose. In the cure for heroin and patient care, opioid-antagonist drugs such as methadone buprenorphine, naltrexone or naloxone are used as well as a2-adrenergic agonists such as clonidine, lofexidine. Vaccines that prevent the penetration of heroin into the blood-brain barrier are also being developed. In the cure of co-occurring conditions such as depression, HIV/AIDS, or psychosis, the drug treatment depends on effectiveness, combination effects, and side effects.In all these phases, psychosocial interventions through counseling, therapy and community programs as well as prescription and supervision over the drug treatment enhance results. The different treatments for heroin addiction depend on the stage of addiction and the co-occurring condition of the patient. Addiction to heroin develops is four phases. First is the initiation phase with p-opioid receptors and dopamine serve as reinforcements to drug abuse. Second is the continuous use and craving for heroin that involves various neurotransmitters including tc-opioid receptors, dopamine, corticotrophin-releasing hormones, and glutamate.The treatment in the first and second phases is crisis intervention intended to prevent and reverse overdoes. Third is detoxification together with withdrawal phase involving norepinephrene and glutamate. Fourth is the relapse into heroin use after a period of abstinence with norepinephrene and corticotropin-releasing hormones playing a role in brain stress and y-amino butyric acid and glutamate playing an important role in the compulsion towards relapse.Treatment for phase three and four involve cure of heroin addiction by addressing symptoms arising during the detoxification and relapse, patient care to normalize physiological functions, and cure of co-occurring physical or mental disorders. (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a) Crisis intervention involves various interventions. In the case of non-fatal overdose, naloxone, which is a short-acting opioid-antagonist is recognized as effective in the treatment of respiratory depression and even coma in the case of patients experiencing heroin overdose (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003b).Administration of naloxene can be made through intravenous or subcutaneous routes since studies show no significant d ifferent in results (Clarke, 2001). This supports peer administration of naloxene for heroin addicts in preventing fatal overdose (Lenton & Hargreaves, 2000). With regard to fatal overdose, cardiopulmonary resuscitation also helps as an intervention to prevent fatal overdose (Dietze et al. , 2002).However, an effective preventive treatment for fatal overdose is opioid-assisted interventions such as the maintenance of buprenorphine or methadone intake (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003b). Cure of heroin addiction involves the initial phase of detoxification that involves withdrawal from the use of heroin and the latter phase of relapse prevention that covers the maintenance of abstinence from heroin. During detoxification, methadone and buprenorphine are the primary pharmacological treatment. Methadone is an orally administered drug while buprenorphine is a sublingually administered drug.A review of studies show that both methadone and buprenorphine offers detoxification treatment benefi ts but the preference of some studies for methadone is its effectiveness while the preference for buprehorphine is its safety. Currently, there are no patient characteristic standards to determine the choice of medication so that factors such as availability, cost and convenience in administration apply in determining choice of treatment (Bigelow, 2005) Apart from these two medications, a2-adrenergic agonists, clonidine or lofexidine, could also support detoxification.Preference weighs in favor or lofexedine because of the lesser occurrence of hypotension so that this becomes a fitting substitute for methadone when this is not available in the prison context (Howells et al. , 2002). Moreover, increasing the period of detoxification is made through naloxone and/or naltrexone administered without anaesthesia or with heavy or full anaesthesia. Combining naloxone and/or naltrexone with a2-adrenergic agonists would improve and speed-up the detoxification process especially when nearing t he maintenance phase.There are withdrawal episodes but these are easier to resolve when occurring in the combined treatment than in the use of a2-adrenergic agonists alone. (Kosten & O’Connor, 2003) Administration of clonidine with naltrexone, followed by buprenorphine after stabilization has been found to lead to lesser withdrawal symptoms in patients (O’Connor et al. , 1997). In the case of anesthesia, the combination of anesthetics with drugs remains experimental with some studies finding no significant impact of anesthetics on detoxification (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a).In relapse prevention, the existing treatment uses opioid antagonists, such as naltrexone. However, effectiveness found little evidence from studies because most patients often withdraw from treatment after the withdrawal phase (Kirchmayer et al. , 2002). This means that naltrexone may be effective as treatment in preventing relapse in people committed to continue treatment until complete withdr awal. Naltrexone has also been found to lead to lesser withdrawal effects on pregnant women when compared to methadone (Hulse & O’Neill, 2002).There are also other issues arising in the use of naltrexone such as the possibility of inducing depression together with the possibility of overdose upon the discontinuation of this drug treatment (Ritter, 2002). This means the need to inform or warn patients regarding these issues. A developing treatment to prevent relapse are vaccines designed to raise antibodies that stop certain addictive substances such as heroin from penetrating blood-brain barrier and prevent relapse during the phase of abstinence (Bunce, 2005). However, this remains in the experimental stage.In patient care, the purpose is to stabilize the condition of the patient and reduce harm. Patient care could involve maintenance programs assisted by opiods such as methadone or buprenorphine, needle exchange programs, and user rooms. Opioids support treatment when admini stered in the right dosage and increasing the dosage of opioids could entail better effects (Johnson et al. , 2002) so that together with the provision of psychosocial support, such as counseling, therapy and community programs, effectiveness is ensured together with a lower right of premature withdrawal from the treatment program (Preston, Umbricht, & Epstein, 2000).In addition, prescription and supervision over the drug treatment have been found to increase the retention of patients for the completion of the treatment program (Ferri, Davoli, & Perucci, 2003). Integrating psychosocial support and supervision with the appropriate combination of drugs and drug dosage constitutes sound patient care for heroin addiction. In the cure of co-occurring physical and mental disorder depends on the condition of the patient. Conditions that can co-occur with heroin addiction are depression, HIV/ AIDS or psychosis.Again, in this area, a combination of pharmacological and psychosocial support in terventions is necessary to provide a complete treatment for heroin addiction. The consideration of the effectiveness of drugs, reaction with other drugs, and safety of the combined intake of different drugs together with the physical and mental impacts of the combined treatment deserve consideration in the determination of the particular treatment for heroin addiction of individual patients. (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a)