Saturday, August 31, 2019

Overuse Injuries

â€Å"Pain is temporary, pride is forever. † This quote represents what thousands of young athletes are going through daily. Many adolescents who are working hard to become the best in their league are now falling short due to overuse injuries. With childhood obesity increasing, U. S. citizens have overlooked the overuse injuries that affect the active youth. In 2003 more than 3. 5 million children under age 15 suffered a sports injury that required medical treatment, thats about one attended injury for every 10 players, and seventy-five percent of those injuries were the result of overuse (Hyman, 2009). Overuse injuries occur over a long peroid of time and occur after repetitive micro trama to th tendons, The human body has the tremendous capability to adapt to physical stress. However if the body is put under to much stress without the proper amount of rest injury can occur. The most common injury that occurs from this is an overuse injury these include tennis elbow, runners knee, and shin splints. There are three main factors that are contributing to young athletes getting an overuse injury. The first factor is that these young athletes are being trained by parents and coaches who have no background in sports. These inexperienced coaches are providing the young athletes with improper training techniques, which can result in injury. Another factor that is leading to overuse injuries is the amount of pressure being placed on the athlete by coaches and peers. Wether it is a coach teaching their athletes to play through the pain, or parents pressuring their children so they can live vicariously through them, the well being of these young athletes is getting overlooked. The final factor stems from the previous two factors. Coaches are pressuring athletes to become specialized meaning they only participate in one sport. While this alone is not an issue, whats wrong with this is they are being improperly trained year round and rarely are given the rest needed to stay healthy. In the article Overuse Injuries in Young Athletes Doctor James H. Johnson addresses one of the issues with sport specialization â€Å"Young athletes who specialize in just one sport may be denied the benefits of varied activity while facing additional physical, physiologic, and psychologic demands from intense training and competition’’(Johnson, 2005) The effects of the injuries are at first relatively minor. The athlete could get something like runners knee, which is inflammation of the knee joint. If allowed the proper healing time the pain will subside and the athlete can continue training. However if the athlete does not take the rest needed it could lead to getting stress fractures in the bone. These types of fractures can be extremely painful and may take months to fully heal. The effects of these injuries are serious for all athletes, but for the young growing athletes these injuries could lead to bigger problems. For example the stress fractures could effect the growth plate in some athletes. According to Overuse Injuries in Young Athletes the growth cartilage is most vulnerable to repeated micro traumas. This could lead to certain muscles developing faster than the bones they are attached to. Forcing them to attach to a different part of the bone, constricting it and not allowing it to grow properly(Johnson, 2005) Another damaging cause of overuse injuries is arthritis while overtime everyone will at one time get arthritis of some sort in the joints, for those athletes who have sustained many overuse injuries may obtain it at a much younger age. According to the article Until It Hurts many doctors find it very frustrating to see these types of injuries in athletes because with taking the proper precautions while training the risk of getting an overuse injury can be almost eliminated (Hyman, 2009). The treatment for overuse injuries depends on the specific diagnosis. For minor symptoms, reducing the intensity, duration or frequency of training brings relief. switching to a different workout schedule and cross training with other activities that allows the athlete to maintain fitness while the injured area recovers. This is very important for treating the early symptoms of overuse injuries. Working with a coach or teacher or taking lessons can assure proper training and technique. Paying particular attention to proper warm up before activity and using ice after activity may also help. Aspirin or other over the counter anti-inflammatory medications can also be taken to relieve symptoms. If symptoms persist, a sports medicine specialist will be able to create a more detailed treatment plan for the athletes specific condition. This may include a thorough review of the training program and an evaluation for any predisposing anatomic or bio-mechanical factors. Physical therapy and athletic training services may also be helpful. Overuse injuries are one hundred percent preventable, athletes need only take a few important steps to be able to train risk free. The first step is to not do to much to soon, when first starting a sport it is important to start slowly and allow the body time to adjust to that activity. It is best to start out with a warm up before the athlete starts training. starting out with stretches allows the muscles to relax more and it increases blood flow, which helps with support so not as much stress is being placed on the bones. The article Preventing Overuse Injuries, explains proper stretching technique, â€Å"Do not bounce with each exercise. Stretch until you feel tension but not pain†(Preventing overuse injuries, 2010) Stretching is key for a healthy work out, there are many different stretches that can be done. It is best to find stretches that are geared toward the athletes specific sport. Another key point is if any significant pain is felt during training stop. also it helps to do a cool down after training is finished followed by stretching again. If there is any soreness after training is finished the athlete should stretch that area out specifically and then ice it down and possibly take an anti-inflammatory. If athletes were taught these easy steps overuse injuries could be cut down drastically. References Hyman. (2009, april 07). Until it hurts. Retrieved from http://sportsillustrated. cnn. com/2009/more/04/06/youthsports. untilithurts/index. html Johnson, H. (2008, April). Overuse injuries in young athletes. Retrieved from http://www. hscoaches. org/docs/Over_use_injuries. pdfPreventing overuse injuries. (2010). Retrieved from http://familydoctor. org/familydoctor/en/prevention-wellness/exercise-fitness/sports-safety/-preventing-overuse-injuries. html

Friday, August 30, 2019

A Frail Economy Raises Pressure on Iran’s Rulers

The news slated in New York Times dated February 3, 2008 regarding gas shortage on a very cold winter days of modern Iran is a manifestation of the growing decline of local government insufficiency to regulate multinational corporations.â€Å"Iran’s natural gas shortage became a crisis when Turkmenistan, to the north, cut off supplies in December over a pricing dispute. Iran does not have the refining capacity to meet its own needs (Slackman 2008)†.Iran’s leaders became vulnerable when its cities experiences blackouts and homes left without heaters for days and weeks.   Women and students being arrested, magazines publications being shut down had questioned the stewardship of the Iranian president by its religious leader.   This is such a bad time for the in convent president racing a March 14 election when the cities are in chaos.The event that is happening with Iran is an example of an economic crisis being encountered worldwide.   However, it is ironic b ecause they seemed not to get hold of what they have, they export oils which run electricity but due to market trade Iranians are deprived of what truly belongs to them.Equitable sharing of wealth seems to have been neglected instead capitalist instigated a maximum return on investments.   Political elites dialogue on revolutionary ideology and seemingly accept defeat that running a country like Iran is difficult (Slackman 2008).   This is something we fear about, a kingdom divided among them cannot thrive.   History keeps repeating itself, civilizations ends when a place is defined only by individuals.As for now we cannot point our fingers on anyone but it is good to analyze where the culprit came from.   What is happening in Iran is a consequence of globalism.   The same way as it affects the Ogoni people in Nigeria and the rest of developing regions and poor countries of the globe.   For these reason a 20/20 hindsight vision must be implemented between capitalism and equality.   For it is an old idiom that the ends do not always justify the means.Radical and extreme solutions may be imposed by the governance to solve the crisis but the big question is whose governance?   For a country whose people are afraid of retribution, these pious poor may be found stiff dead one day.Some contemporary forerunner of anti-globalism is Manfred Steger, the author of the book Globalization: A New Market Ideology.   He pointed out that influence of supranational bodies decreases the ability of governments to regulate capitalist or multinational corporations. As of now fifty one among the 100 top corporations of the world are the wealthiest multinationals.   These companies are funded and supported by the WTO and IMF.Steger also discussed in his writings on how the protagonist of this culture uses these new market trends for the acceptance of the general public.   It is purely hedonistic in culture wherein equality is subject to a chosen few.   He said that globalization is globalony.   It is nonetheless the civilization of consumerism wherein market trades or trends are preferred more than the benefits of mankind.   This scenario limits the choices of man which is not only derogatory but contrary to the free act of man.Owen Wiwa’s brother Ken a physician was hanged when he lead the people for MOSOP a movement for the Ogoni people for survival in 1990 against Shell Corporation.   It was a battle of removing the oil extraction and refineries which was a detriment to public health and safety.   Today the refineries were gone except for the pipelines and people which ended up of not getting paid.Anyone or anything that gets in the capitalist was must be extinguished or removed at all costs.   Owen now continues what his brother have started and talking to some young students taking up law that ten years from now they may be working with these big corporations or with their governments, he asked them that they could make a big influence and by then it will be up to their conscience if they will choose to protect the benefit of man rather than the material things which must only be used to benefit humanity.Equality is difficult to attain when the least is put aside.   The world will seem to be an arena of struggle of the fittest that only the strong can command and will live.We’ve always knew that there is no equality when there are prejudices.   If the giants remain and we allow them to take over the rest, what would our society be in the next few years?   If our technocrats and legislators only think of the future of these wealthy corporations disregarding human values and dignity, how much sufferings would be encountered all over the world?This present generation must be concerned with the upheaval of this new trend: Globalization in the cloak of consumerism and materialism, capitalism versus equitable distribution of wealth, and the lost of dignity of labor. In our own ways we m ust scrutinize how we apply our daily living into the use of these material goods.   Do we became enslave to them or does it help to serve mankind?   Our proposition must always be that man lords the earth and not enslaved by it.We need to bond strongly with one another against any corporate rule that is inhuman and too greedy.   Like Steger and the Wiwa brothers we must struggle too in putting our best efforts to see to it that the goods of this earth are equitably shared by all races of mankind.   We must stop all efforts which sponsors expensive armaments in support of terrorism and enriching uranium plants for the so called â€Å"peace purposes†.The planet is not yet too old, it is only beginning to see the next third generation of the fastest technology.   We hope to see a better world where everyone has the chance to improve his ways and live life to the fullest.ReferencesMichael Slackman 2008, A Frail Economy Raises Pressure on Iran’s Rulers, New York Times, [Electronic Version].   Retrieved 04 February 2008 from,   

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Banking Software and Packages in Australia-Samples for Students

Technology has witnessed a number of transformations and advancements in the recent years. There are a number of tools and processes that are based on technology that have been implemented in the past. However, with the changes and transformations in technology, these tools and processes are also required to be upgraded. Such practices have allowed the business sectors to flourish at a rapid rate. One such industry is accounting and finance which has made an advanced use and application of technology and has been home to many transformations. There are a number of online retailers that have established their e merce websites and web applications to offer the services to the clients. Woolworths is one such Australian online retailer that deals in the product categories as groceries and household products. Organization structures make up for an essential part of the organizations. Woolworths has a three-layered architecture which prises of senior management at the top followed by middle level managers and department heads. The members of the operational team are placed at the last layer at the bottom (Woolworths, 2017). Human resources form an extremely important part of every organization. The success and failure of the organization and the projects that are carried out in the organization has a lot of dependence on the human resources. It is therefore required for the organizations to have an adequate culture and structure for enhanced employee satisfaction. There are issues of munication and collaboration that have been witnessed in case of the organizational structure that is followed at Woolworths. There are issues in terms of integration and cohesiveness that have also been observed (Henderson, 2004). In case of Woolworths, the information systems in the areas of accounting and finance can be acquired with the aid of a number of different methods. All of these methods have their respective sets of advantages and drawbacks. The one that fits the best is acquisition of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software (Yang and Tamir, 2015). The current issues with the organizational structure will be avoided with the same (Mallery, 2011). The sales process in the pany is executed in four different stages. The initiation of the sales activities takes place keeping the business goals and objectives at the baseline. Gradually, there are opportunities and agreements that are carried out and explored which leads to the fulfillment of the objectives and results in the customer satisfcation (Gulledge, 2002). Control and monitoring is a necessity for all the activities and operations in all the panies and organizations. In the department of sales, there are issues with control and monitoring that leads to the emergence of a number of frauds and problems (Mohapatra and Patnaik, 2011). There is an i plete validation and verification of the pliance with the best practices that is observed that leads to numerous deviations. The quality of the end-product is therefore adversely affected. Accounting processes were largely paper-based a couple of decades ago. Gradually, there were developments in the technological areas that were carried out which led to the development of the technologies being used in the accounting sector as well (Seethamraju, 2012). Today, there are automated processes and applications that are being used for the execution of accounting activities. These automated systems not only ease out the entire process but also make the processes faster and more accurate in nature (James, 2016). There are numerous vendors and service providers in the market that provide the accounting packages and applications (Afpbb, 2016). There are organizations that are actively making use of such applications which has led to the growth of such vendors to over 10,200. There are over 138,000 resources that work in these organizations and the growth rate of the entire sector is estimated to go up by 8% by the end of this year (Bankwest, 2015). There are many accounting software and applications that are available in the market. One of the integrated solutions that are being used widely is MYOB accounting software that offers the following features and benefits. Intuit QuickBooks is an accounting software package that offers increased levels of system qualities and functionalities that lead to enhanced user experience. It offers the following features and benefits. There are many accounting software and applications that are available in the market. One of the integrated solutions that are being used widely is Saasu accounting software. The package offers flexibility and scalability to the users with the following features and abilities.   Reckon is an accounting software package that offers increased levels of system qualities and functionalities that lead to enhanced user experience. It offers the following features and benefits. Xero is an accounting software package that offers increased levels of system qualities and functionalities that lead to enhanced user experience. It offers the following features and benefits. Software/Package - Intuit QuickBooks $50 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $12 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $15 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $5 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $9 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $99 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $21 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $180 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   Depends upon the features that are acquired    $70 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   Technology is an element that cannot be missed out or played with in the current times. There are various technological elements that are used in the field of accounts with accounting software and systems as the prime element. These systems include the automated set of features and functions. These shall be included in an organization after an in-depth planning and analysis of the operations and requirements. Advisoryhq , (2015) 5 Best Small Business Accounting Software in Australia. [online] AdvisoryHQ. Available at: https://www.advisoryhq /articles/5-best-small-business-accounting-software-in-australia/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Afpbb, (2016) The Australian Accounting Industry. [online] Afpbb.net.au. Available at: https://www.afpbb.net.au/Resources/TheAustralianAccountingIndustry.aspx [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Bankwest, (2015) Accounting Services Industry Report. 1st ed. [ebook] Bankwest. Available at: https://www.bankwest .au/cs/ContentServer%3Fpagename%3DFoundation/CS/Blob/Document%26id%3D1292539844555%26ext%3D.pdf+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Carey, M. (2015) Cloud Accounting Overview 2015: MYOB Essentials vs Xero vs Intuit QuickBooks Online vs Reckon One - Digital First. [online] Digital First. Available at: https://www.digitalfirst /2015-overview-cloud-accounting-software/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Crowder, C. (2016) [online] Techin.oureverydaylife . Available at: https://techin.oureverydaylife /disadvantages-accounting-software-1965.html [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Gulledge, T. (2002). Business process management: public sector implications. Business Process Management Journal, 8(4), pp.364-376. Henderson, L. (2004). Encoding and decoding munication petencies in project management ? an exploratory study. International Journal of Project Management, 22(6), pp.469-476. James, D. (2016) 7 accounting packages for Australian small businesses pared: including MYOB, QuickBooks Online, Reckon, Xero. [online] BIT. Available at: https://www.bit .au/Review/344651,7-accounting-packages-for-australian-small-businesses pared-including-myob-quickbooks-online-reckon-xero.aspx [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Mallery, M. (2011). Project Management Portal (PMP) from the University of Washington Information Technology Wiki - https://wiki.cac.washington.edu/display/pmportal/Project+Management+Portal. Technical Services Quarterly, 28(3), pp.365-367. Miller, K. (2016) Xero Review 2016 | Reviews, Ratings, plaints, parisons. [online] Merchant Maverick. Available at: https://www.merchantmaverick /reviews/xero-review/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Mohapatra, S. and Patnaik, A. (2011). Sustainability in HRIS implementation through effective project management. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 3(1), p.78. Myob, (2016) Online Accounting Software for Businesses | MYOB. [online] Myob . Available at: https://www.myob /au/accounting-software pare [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Ryan, E. (2016) The Evolution of Accounting Software: Past, Present and Future|. [online] Gaaaccounting . Available at: https://www.gaaaccounting /the-evolution-of-accounting-software-past-present-and-future/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Seethamraju, R. (2012). Business process management: a missing link in business education. Business Process Management Journal, 18(3), pp.532-547. Woolworths, (2017). Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Woolworths Online. Available at: https://www.woolworths .au/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Yang, Y. and Tamir, G. (2015). Offshore software project management: mapping project success factors. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 7(2), p.111.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Book War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Book War - Essay Example The fact that her hair and shoulders were covered with frost, Ping concluded that she must have been there all night. This shows one of the effects the ban to reading had on young people. At first Ping thought that she was reading one of Mao’s books but later realizes that it was the story of Little Mermaid. He had wanted to read the book but only when he was able to read a book on his own, the revolution began and booked were termed as poisonous weed. The fact that the girl had disguised the book with a cover of Mao’s works shows how eager people were to read. She had felt the need to read the book but could not do that openly in fear of the government. This is one instance that shows how cruel the government’s decision was on those that really wanted to read. Ping and his neighbor decided to carry out a secret book exchange program. This emphasizes their determination to keep reading despite threats form the government. Ping later discovers a box of books that his mother had hidden. Whenever his mother discovered a book he was reading, she would order him to tear it and burn the pages. Then she would explain that it was for their safety with tears in her eyes. The author says that their hearts were turned into ashes. This can be taken to imply desperation and safe pity. All they could do was stick to the instructions from the government or risk their lives. In his last stanza, when the last of the books was burnt, he sat in the chicken coop. It was here that all the stories became alive in him as tears flowed freely. He then started telling stories to friends, siblings, and neighbors. These were stories he had read from the forbidden books and some that he had made up. From this experience, the author concludes that even if books are banned and burnt, hope and stories are still alive. The experience from this story emphasizes the importance of stories to people, even to children. Books carry stories that

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

What does the reading have to say about the relation between theory Research Paper

What does the reading have to say about the relation between theory and practice in Zen Please try not to take what the reading says for granted - Research Paper Example T’an-ching where the precise meaning of t’a that according to Hu Shih is an appeal for more systematic search in Japan for long-hidden T’ang dynasty source materials of the history of Zen Buddhism. It is believed that the monk shen-hui of Ho-use temple that is in the eastern capital would each month make a platform and give sermons to people. Before the platform sutra, there is no instance in that the work that was merely the record of career and sermons of a particular master that was recognised with the name sutra. However, according to Ta-chien bodhisattca monk and his teaching of the platform sutra there is no difference from the Buddha’s preaching of sutra. The monk-disciple recorded his words so that they may be used later in generations to come and offer benefits to students and make them have a pivot of teaching and transmit it among themselves. Connectively, master Hua-neng emphasised that the first thing to do is to purify ones mind and then conc entrate on dharma that has great perfection of wisdom. The master recounts how he was able to join the fifth patriarch in Huang-mei hsien in ch’i-chou that presently has thousand disciples 2. Though a commoner from ling-nan, he was reluctantly accepted, the master preached to them and told them that they had first to look into themselves and write a verse and if the master finds that one of them is awakened to the cardinal meaning them he shall be given a robe and the darma that will make him the sixth patriarch. The disciples gave up and refrained from writing the verse, the priest after much thought decided to write a verse in the midnight secretly without letting anyone see it. At dawn, the fifth patriarch swa the verse and decided for the pictures not to be painted after all quoting words from the diamond sutra that all forms everywhere are unreal and also false. The master burned the in-cense before the verse in the presence of all disciples. He ordered the

Monday, August 26, 2019

Philosophy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Philosophy Paper - Essay Example One of the arguments by St. Thomas is the argument that beings (things) are caused, moved or changed by something else. Here we are talking of a beginning or an end. That the Universe began from somewhere. There cannot be at any time we can imagine of vacuum. The ever expanding Universe cannot be imagined to have a beginning, why? Because it could imply again that the Universe has an end. Indeed, can one imagine of a time when there was nothing at all? This implies that an explanation has to be; in order to explain the reason for their existence (being) hence invoking the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR). The basic idea here is that God needs to be posited as the ultimate source or explanation of the existence of all other beings, (Class Notes, 11/27/12). Now consider this argument from Rowel’s book on cosmological argument (24): The argument above maintains that there are only two types of beings that is the self existent being (God-cause) and the depended beings (effects). That any causal series invites us to think of the first cause the uncaused. Premise one depends on PSR which is purely to say that the things in which we experience coming and going out of existence is a mere fact that there must be a superior being that controls or rather brings them into existence and out of existence. This again is to say that every depended being cannot exist on its own without the other or simply put it that one depended being has to be brought forth by the other depended being. Â   Response: There is no way we can talk of a series of dependent beings as if it is a dependent being. I.e. remember that every individual has got his or her own identity and individuality. That the moment I confuse your identity with the other, am automatically saying that the individuality and identity of the first cause (God) is interfered. This again

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Statement of purpose 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statement of purpose 6 - Essay Example My father is a Mathematics teacher in an intermediate school in Kuwait while my mother is a Kindergarten teacher. They both loved to assist their students in making their dreams come true and they are not about to stop in giving their all to help me reach mine. Having big dreams is one of the things they have always encouraged us, motivating us to excel in various activities and not just concentrate in one thing because they believe that we can never find what is best for us if we do not try other things. My parents have truly been my greatest motivating factors even now, encouraging me to finish my postgraduate studies while they are still able to financially support me. Enrolling for the Masters degree is one of my greatest dreams and I am glad that I have great support which I am taking while I am still young and single so I decided to widen my knowledge in the teaching profession by enrolling in your excellent university. It is my strong desire to become the best teacher I could be, working at a university, shaping the minds of future professionals and encouraging them to become the best that they could be as well. Working as an English teacher in the Ministry of Education in Kuwait since the last quarter of 2010 made me realize how great are the information and trainings that I still need to have. I do believe that I can learn a lot as I go along with my teaching profession, through experience. Nevertheless, as I mentioned earlier, I want to grab the chance to accumulate all the education I can have while I am still young and able to grasp much information and while there are able people to support me. I have graduated English Language and Literature in Arts College, majoring in Linguistics with minor in Translations at Kuwait University and as far as my professors are concerned, they have given me good reviews saying I have a good level of English fluency both in oral and written form. Having English as my second language, I like to have the fluency of na tive speaker so that the United Kingdom has been on the top of my list not just because of the geographical advantage it gives me but because of my love for the historical places. Enrolling in the country will give me a great advantage in my speech especially the correct pronunciation of words as well as sentence construction and other important things to consider in the employment of the language. Though my professors have highly approved of my present skills, I know there is still a wide room for my improvement and I am looking forward to fill that void in the United Kingdom, in the University of Warwick. One of my great passions is teaching but as they say, you can only give what you have. In my few months of working with the Ministry of Education, I have to confess that my educational experience is still not enough to get me through to be the teacher I would like to be. Ambitious, you might think I am. Probably, I would much agree but not in the negative sense of the word becaus e my ambitions are not just geared to the making of a great ‘me’ but to becoming the vessel of information and training where students could take the training and education they want from me. I have seen how much my fellow Kuwaitis need the training from a foreign land and I am offering myself to be just another instrument to meeting this need. It is my desire that I would be a great influence in the success of other people as I succeed in my own

Manufacturing Engineering Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manufacturing Engineering - Lab Report Example SafetySince the device may be improperly used and safety of a machinery is the key concern during its functionality; a safety factor of 1.5 was factored in all the calculations. 2.2 InexpensiveThe device must be produced within a strict budget by sourcing for cheap local materials according to the bill of quantities.2.3 Design EvolutionThe first concept generation was accomplished by creating an itemization of the design into the following functional and movable elements; pipes, chains and the support system.The team had a brainstorming session, whereby it was agreed that only the top rated materials will be considered for each functional component in order to develop an alpha design. The criteria for selecting components were based on the cost of the material and its manufacturability.3.0 Engineering AnalysisThe engineering fields that are applicable to the design process are statics, dynamics and materials. The appropriate basics and ideas from statics and dynamics are Newtonâ€⠄¢s law, bending moments, torque and friction. For materials mostly on the pipes and chains, the applicable properties are: fracture toughness, Young’s modulus, corrosion, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength.Newton’s Second law, was necessary to calculate the forces that will be applied to the support while the chain moves up and down while lifting an object. The bending moments, of the motor was calculated to ensure the mechanism does not degrade rapidly and maintain the factor of safety.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

People in middleast don't want to workout to get in shape so they look Essay

People in middleast don't want to workout to get in shape so they look for easy ways - Essay Example ks on weight loss, and more gymnasiums have opened more than ever before, but the number of people losing weight around the world is not adding up to an appropriate number who should be fit due to the technology. For this paper, I will go by the thesis statement that people in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia do use alternative methods of losing weight rather than working out. Residents of the Middle East do not want to work out to get in shape, so they look for easy ways. According to the World Health Organization, obesity in the Middle East is a notable health issue. WHO results showed that approximately 1.6 billion people were overweight, and 400 million residents were obese. According to probability statistics, by the year 2015, 700 million individuals will be obese, and 2.3 billion people will be overweight; this number includes both adolescent and adults (World Health Organization 60). The spread of the Western lifestyle usually defined as the consumption of attractive energy dense meals with undesirable composition, elevated consumption of animal fats and sugars and decreased or non- consumption of dietary fiber, along with a lack of sufficient physical activity- is one of the principal origins of obesity and overweight problems in the Middle East (Roya 439). In as much as there are great numbers of individuals in the US who are obese, it is not bizarre to see people working out to get in shape. In the US, most people take exercise seriously and they exercise extensively and religiously as opposed to people in the Middle East especially Saudi Arabia (Al-Hazzaa 663-670). The difference in culture could be the reason as to why people in the US work out as opposed to those in Saudi Arabia. People do not necessarily work out in a gymnasium, but they run around their neighborhoods in the morning or afternoon. This routine makes the obesity situation in the US better than that of the Saudi Arabia. It is almost impossible to see people in the Middle East working

Friday, August 23, 2019

RECOMMENDATION REPORT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RECOMMENDATION REPORT - Assignment Example The S15 Matt Eckert 4 event focused on tourism. The main speaker, Mr. Matt Eckert, discussed in detail what role tourism lays in the economy as well as why everyone should be involved in the industry. As he went through his journey in the industry, he demonstrated the opportunities and challenges one can face in the industry. The two events were a learning opportunity for students in terms of their career development. Engaging with professionals would be beneficial, as it would prepare students for their careers. The abundance of knowledge in such forums would equip students with the tools they need to kick-start their careers. It would therefore be of great benefit to the university to hold such events, especially the S14 event, regularly as they build students. With such events, the university would be able to produce ready students who will be able to get right into the job market and compete on a higher level for the opportunities available. The graduates would have the advantage of information, as the events would have informed them

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Cocoa Commodity Essay Example for Free

Cocoa Commodity Essay Background Cocoa beans are seeds of the cacao tree, which is a member of the Sterculiaceae family. Contained in a cucumber like fruit; these yellowish, reddish to brownish fruits are divided into five compartments each containing up to 10 seeds (Service). As the fruit begins to ripen, the partitions break down and the seeds are found around the central funicle in a whitish pulp. The cocoa seed (i.e. bean) consists of the seed coat which contains the cocoa kernel. The cocoa kernel is the principal component for the production of cocoa products. There are about 20 known varieties of the Cacao plant, but only two are commonly used in producing cocoa products (Canizaro). The two varieties commonly used are: * High Grade or Criollo Cocoa; which are large, roundish and brown in color. They have a delicately bitter, aromatic flavor and are easily processed. * Common Grade or Forastero Cocoa; which are small, flattened on the side and have a dark reddish-brown to violet color. They have a sharper flavor and account for nearly 90% of the world’s cocoa harvest. The main areas of cultivation of the cacao tree falls within a narrow belt 10 ° north and south of the equator because the trees grow well in humid tropical climates with consistent rainfall and a short dry season (Cadbury). Cocoa trees need an even temperature between 21 to 23 degrees centigrade, with a rainfall of 1,000 to 2,500 mm per year to produce cocoa seeds. The main producers of cocoa are: * West Africa Region—Ghana, Nigeria and Cote D’Ivoire. * South America Region—Brazil and Ecuador. * Asia—Malaysia and Indonesia. Production Process Cocoa trees begin to bear fruit when they are around 3-4 years old. Each tree will yield 20-30 pods per year, each pod containing 20-40 seeds which when dried are the cocoa beans of commerce. The harvesting of the cocoa pod is very labor intensive; workers cut the high pods from the trees with large knives attached to poles. The pods are then split open by hand and seeds (i.e. beans) are removed ready to undergo a two part curing process. The two part process includes fermentation of the bean and then they go under a drying process. Methods of fermentation can vary from country to country, but usually only two methods are used; the Heap method or the Box Method. Here is a diagram using either method to illustrate: Heap Method The Heap Method is traditionally used on farms in West Africa. Wet cocoa beans, including the pulp, are piled on banana or plantain leaves which have been spread out in a circle on the ground. More leaves are the piled on top to cover the heap and it is left for five to six days, turning the pile to ensure fermentation (Cadbury). During this fermentation process the pulp and astringency of the beans are removed as the sugar in the pulp turns to alcohol, which drains away causing the bean to develop its true chocolate flavor. When fermentation is complete the wet mass of beans is dried usually by being spread out on mats under the sun. Box Method In the West Indies, Latin America and in Malaysia the box method is used on plantations. It involves the use of strong wooden boxes with drainage holes or gaps in the slats in the base of the box. This enables the passage of air and the removal of liquid products of fermentation. This process usually takes six to eight days during which the beans are mixed twice. After fermentation is complete the beans are dried by means of special drying equipment. Quality The quality of cocoa is based by the quality of the raw cocoa. Fully ripened cocoa beans that have properly fermented consist of a brown to dark red color and have a very fragile kernel with a bitter flavor. Including the bean’s appearance and odor the beans must also be undamaged, un-germinated and must include no foreign matter or mold. They also can’t be infested with insects or have suffered wetting damage. Nor can they smell sour, musty or smoky. Poor quality cocoa beans that have not been fermented properly are purple in color (under-fermented) or very dark in color (over-fermented). They also have a solid kernel and a very astringent taste. The quality of cocoa beans is assessed according to the following criteria: * Good Qualities * Fully ripe, correctly fermented * Firm beans of uniform size with a dry weight of no less than 1g. * Loose and undamaged shell * Light to dark reddish-brown color * Readily crumbled, fragile Kernel * Bad Qualities * Unripe and poorly fermented * Moldy * Strong violet color as a result of under-fermentation * Purple color as a result of over-fermentation * Firm Kernel * Insect infested * Germinated * Smoky odor due to excessively long drying Mode of Transport After the cocoa has been harvested and quality has been assessed, the product should be shipped shortly after harvest, as extended storage (past 6 months) may result in losses due to the high relative humidities in the tropics. Cocoa beans should be placed in bags of jute or sisal usually of a (gross) weight of 60 65 kg, rarely of up to 100 kg (Service). Cocoa beans can be transported by ship, truck or railroad. When transported in a container, the cargo needs to be in a ventilated container so it is in compliance with lower limits for the water content of goods, packaging and flooring. The wooden flooring of the containers must be absolutely clean and dry. Water content should be 12%, corresponding to a lumber equilibrium moisture content of 70%, so that the flooring does not constitute an additional source of water vapor to dampen the cocoa cargo and container atmosphere (Service). The cocoa beans may also be covered with paper which readily absorbs any moisture. Also given the high value of cocoa, a two layer anti-condensation film should be used to provide addition protection against dripping sweat. Another option is by transporting on flat racks in ventilated holds. This option is a more cost effective alternative to the costly ventilated containers. Uses of Cocoa Primary Use of Cocoa Secondary Use Possible Substitute When people think of cocoa, the first things that may come to mind is chocolate or in the spirit of colder weather, hot chocolate. Chocolate and confectionary sweets are the most common uses of cocoa, but many do not know that cocoa can be a great source for dietary reasons. The processed chocolate bars will not give the same effect for dietary purposes but it has been proven that the darker the chocolate, the healthier it is. Raw cocoa beans are sometimes eaten for their flavonoids which according to studies conducted by Eric Dung can improve cardio vascular health. North America has undergone many changes in the last decade especially placing an emphasis on healthy living. Cocoa has been proven to help lower cholesterol, reduce blood pressure, and reduce the risk for heart disease according to Suzanne Steinbaum; director of women and heart disease at Lenox Hill Hospital. Cocoa also reduces cravings for those attempting to diet and want to reduce the amount of food one may be eating. The smell of cocoa is so rich and aromatic that it actually helps satisfy hunger cravings. Cocoa can help repair skin as well according to dermatologist Ava Shamban, MD. Cocoa is loaded with antioxidants that help repair skin cells and neutralize harmful radicals. Cocoa has also made its way into pharmaceuticals. The oils extracted from cocoa beans become a solid at room temperature but melts within the body so this oil has been used to encapsulate certain drugs. Cosmetics have also found the wonders of cocoa. There exists within cocoa a natural compound that naturally prevents anything it is used with from becoming rancid. Makeup and soaps use cocoa in their products to keep the product from spoiling and can last for years. Demand The demand for cocoa has increased from new markets for cocoa products and increased sales in existing markets. The reduction of tariffs to places like Korea and Peru make it easier to compete in the market to hold and increase market share. Other influencing factors include the climate to grow cocoa, resources, technology and sustainable practices in parts of the world with little to no education. There has been a lot of attention given to child labor practices and the need to improve the process and quality of life of cocoa farmers. As sales have increased over the years, cocoa yields are not growing fast enough has motivated big chocolate manufactures to protect their interests and invest in the future of cocoa. Chocolate sales reached over $100 billion in 2011. While sales have been increasing the disparity between cocoa yields and the world’s need for cocoa will only be exacerbated if nothing is done. Farmers face various challenges in growing this crop that directly impa ct their ability to meet demand. The World Cocoa Foundation states that farmers are dealing with aging trees that aren’t producing as much as well as a loss of 30 to 40 percent of their crop due to infestation and disease. These aren’t big industrialized farms that one can see in America; almost 90 percent of cocoa comes from small farms in Africa, Asia and the Americas. For these farmers to help reach the demand for manufacturers active involvement from these companies is needed to ensure sustainability. According to the Fair Trade Foundation the demand for cocoa has been rising approximately 3 percent a year for the last 100 years (3). Production for the 2011/2012 grow season was 3,987 million tons (World Cocoa, 2). By 2020 there will be an estimated 1.5 million ton shortage of cocoa (Bloudoff-Indelicato, Climate Wire, 1). One of the reasons for the increase in demand can be attributed to the rising wealth in China. According to Agrimoney.com there has been a â€Å"growing shift towards Western-style diets and cocoa powder-based products such as ice creams, biscuits and other confectionary†. As the country’s lifestyle and culture changes with the increase in disposable income, the middle class are developing a taste for chocolate. China’s chocolate sales are expected to grow 19 percent to $1.2 billion this year (CNNFreedom Project). China isn’t the only Asian country hungry for chocolate. Falling just below China is Indonesia with a 25 percent increase to $1.1 billion and India will most likely see a 7 percent increase as well. If Asian markets keep growing as predicted they could very well have 20 percent of the global market by 2016 (CNN Freedom Project). Changes in export costs also make it more profitable and easier to ship cocoa products to various countries. President Obama’s National Export initiative plans to double U.S. exports within 5 years. To help achieve this goal the negotiation of free trade agreements aid American companies to meet the growing demand for cocoa products. Korea is the third largest exporter for U.S. candies with U.S. brands accounting for 16 percent of the chocolate sector. However American companies are at a disadvantage due to the FTA agreement that was signed to incrementally reduce tariffs and are still paying between 5 to 8 percent tariffs. Some other global competitors seemed to have negotiated better free trade agreements and have seen a decrease on tariffs into Korea. Currently the U.S. companies have paid duties in excess of $18 million since the agreement was signed in 2008 (National Confectioners Association, 2). This will make it difficult for American companies to compete with global competitors because their costs of getting their product to market are greater. However, with the free trade agreements signed with various other countries will enhance exports into Korea to meet the increasing demand of chocolate. In 2011, imports of chocolate and other candies were up 30 percent from 2010 totaling $339 million (Korea Product Brief). The dramatic increase in imports is promising for chocolate manufacturers to try and increase their customer base in a rapidly expanding market. Starting October 31, 2012, Panama is eliminating tariffs on more than 86 percent of U.S. consumer and industrial goods (Poe). This includes chocolates and cocoa inputs which will help American companies continue to hang onto their 42 percent ($27 million) market share for candy, gum and chocolate exports. Panama’s growing economy is expected to keep growing 5 to 8 percent each year through 2017 in conjunction with the implementation of the free trade agreement Panama could become an important importer of cocoa products for American companies. Changes in cocoa production While fair trade and organic cocoa represent a small portion of the cocoa market at 0.5 percent there has been some growth in these sectors. Fair trade cocoa is cocoa from farmers that are compensated a fair amount for their product according to faritadeusa.org they also teach farmers sustainable processes and assist in quality of life improvement. Global sales have seen an uptick in fair trade cocoa from 14,000 tons in 2009 to 35,000 in 2010. This increase is attributed to the growth in the United Kingdom. The United States has also shown an increase of fair trade cocoa imports by 67 percent from 2009 to 2010 (fairtrade cocoa review, 8). With the looming cocoa shortage in the near future, cocoa users are realizing how important it is to be an active partner in sustainable cocoa practices. Manufacturers around the world want to protect their cocoa interests and ensure that there will be enough cocoa to keep up with the rising desire for cocoa products. Various companies have announced their plans and involvement in supporting sustainable cocoa practices as well as providing the farmers the assistance and education needed to ensure a bright cocoa future. According to their company websites the following companies have announced their commitments to provide the cocoa industry a promising future in the years to come. * Mars – 14.6% global market share in 2010 * 2020 – all cocoa will come from certified cocoa * 2011- purchased 10% of cocoa used from certified sources * Nestle – 12.6% global market share in 2010 * Invest 110 million in sustainability, farmer training, social conditions, plant expertise * Commitment to purchase sustainable products * Kraft – 8.3% of global market share in 2010 * 5 year partnership with Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to improve cocoa production and supply chain efficiency in West Africa * 2011 largest buyer of cocoa beans from certified Fairtrade farms and Rainforest Alliance Certified Farms * Ferrero – 7.3% of global market share in 2010 * In 2011 pledged to use only sustainable cocoa by 2020 * Hershey – 6.7% of global market share in 2010 * Over the next 5 years will invest $10 million in West Africa to improve farming processes and communities * In 2012 U.S. consumers will be able to purchase Bliss products that are produced with 100 percent certified cocoa Implications of shortage Cocoa shortages would have a huge impact globally. It will affect every member in the cocoa supply chain. Farmers will produce less and receive even less money to be able to live off of. The farmers will have even less to invest into their trees continuing to increase the deficit in cocoa production versus demand. The incentive to continue cocoa farming would decrease and may drive farmers to cities to seek other employment or pursue more lucrative farming opportunities. In an effort to combat the drug war in Columbia, farmers were enticed with trading coca (cocaine plant) growing for cocoa partly due to the high prices cocoa was selling for in the late 2000s (cocoa was selling for $3,520/ton in 2010 according to indxmundi.com). It is hard to convert coca farmers to start producing cocoa if the opportunity cost of growing cocoa is less than the opportunity cost of not growing cocaine plants. Not only does a cocoa shortage have a direct impact on the farmer’s lives, but also on their community because the monies from coca plants helps guerilla groups that the government has been fighting for years ( Weissmann). Companies that are dependent on cocoa for their income will face challenges in trying to make quality products that consumers have come to expect at a certain price. Some of the increase in purchasing costs will most likely trickle down to the consumer in order to protect the companies’ profit margin. Also companies may look elsewhere to save money, which can result in less cocoa production jobs. There are close to 50 million people that depend on cocoa for their source of income if nothing is done to help increase cocoa production it will take its toll on many people’s lives and their countries’ financial stability (Fairtrade and cocoa, 2). Supply The world of cocoa beans is centralized in none other than West Africa. In fact the top 5 cocoa bean producing countries are all located in West Africa; countries being The Ivory Coast (Cote d Ivoire), Indonesia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon in that particular order. The Ivory Coast has been the dominant producer of cocoa beans with production totaling nearly 1,242,300 metric tons of cocoa beans. This equates to about 29.3% of the world’s total cocoa beans. Indonesia is nowhere near the Ivory Coast in production, only totaling about 810,100 metric tons of cocoa beans a year accounting for about 19.1%. Ghana is close behind, producing about 632,037 metric tons of cocoa beans accounting for 14.9% of the world’s total. Nigeria follows with 427,800 metric tons accounting for 10.1%. Cameroon rounds out the top 5 accounting for 6.2% of the world cocoa bean total producing about 264,077 metric tons a year. All these countries producing cocoa beans have experienced increases in production with the exception of Ghana who faced a decline in productivity from the year before. Those countries in West Africa account for nearly two-thirds of the world are the leading producers in terms of metric tons distributed to other companies for processing. With nearly two-thirds of the world’s cocoa producers in West Africa, they are close to monopolizing the cocoa industry. Processors of cocoa beans can find the best producers of cocoa beans in one area and these producers are more than willing to supply at the right price. Over forty percent of the world’s cocoa is consumed in Europe and the remaining percent is distributed across the world globally. Cocoa is the main ingredient in what is universally known as the world’s most popular sweet, chocolate. There are about five-six million cocoa farmers worldwide, many in West Africa. 40-50 million people depend on cocoa for their livelihoods as people especially in West Africa depend on the jobs that cocoa farms provide for the people who live in the area. The economics behind cocoa production is th e livelihood for millions of West Africans. If the cocoa tree is taken away then the locals in West Africa may resort to the coca plant which is a base root for cocaine production. This may also lead into more complications resulting in food riots from people not being able to feed themselves, and drug trafficking which can also have implications for human trafficking as well. There are certain conditions that may hinder or halt cocoa bean production. Like many commodities, cocoa is considered a soft commodity; we can only continue to produce if we are careful with our product. Overharvesting is a major issue in the world of cocoa beans. In the early days of cocoa production, less cocoa beans were used to create milk and white chocolate was highly desired in the less conscientious health world of the mid to late 1900’s. In recent years there has been a major switch in preferences by consumers becoming more health conscientious. Most particularly in the Europe and North American markets has the demand for darker, healthier chocolate become more apparent. Due to these changes there has been an unprecedented cocoa consumption as more cocoa beans are being u sed to create dark chocolate in the last 5 years or so. In a study done by the Scientific American news article, a study revealed that further climate changes can cause West Africa to become too hot to grow cocoa beans. If this were to occur, domestic and international economies would be impacted immensely. The cocoa production farms have attributed to lowering the spikes in poverty, drug trafficking, and food riots by providing many with a legitimate means of making money and providing for themselves and their families. It has been projected that by 2060 over half the cocoa producing countries will become too hot. The cocoa industry is valued around $5.1 billion and with West Africa housing the top 5 producers. This includes the top two producers in the Ivory Coast, and Indonesia which account for more than half of the three million tons sold annually according to the World Cocoa Foundation. In 2020, predictions indicate a 1.5 million ton shortage. Weather predictions believe that El Nino could cause more problems for producers, consumers, and those who rely on the cocoa farms. As cocoa shortages increase, there are bound to be increases in demand for cocoa as more and more markets continue to buy into the commodity. In recent years, Europe and North America have been the largest buyers of cocoa. New countries however, are beginning to see the potential in cocoa and have begun to make their moves and are buying into a commodity that maybe wasn’t as sought after before. China and South Korea are buying into the commodity, which will make it harder for buyers to contract the amount desired if shortages continue and weather proves to be the deciding factor impacting West Africa. The hope now is that scientists can come up with a drought resistant strain of cocoa bean able to withstand the heat; however farmers are taking it upon themselves to develop farming techniques to help the cocoa beans survive harsher conditions. Re-creating optimal conditions is such as temperature is easy, however re-creating the taste is nearly impossible. Change the landscape, or geographical location of where the cocoa beans are harvest, and the taste changes considerably. The need to keep cocoa producers in West Africa has become an important issue for many of West Africa’s population who depend on cocoa production for their livelihoods. West Africa currently holds the best location for cocoa production in terms of elevation, climate, and temperatures that give the cocoa beans its distinct look, taste, and aroma that attracts so many. Moving the production to another country such as Asia or Russia, who generally have cooler temperatures can impact the taste and quality of the overall product. West Africa’s location is great because it is near the equator which keeps the temperatures and weather conditions relatively warm. Conditions like these are difficult to find, if not impossible to find anywhere else. Also child labor has been a constant issue in West Africa. This is especially true in regards to the production of cocoa. This issue has been predominantly an issue in the Ivory Coast, who is the leading supplier of cocoa to many different companies in Europe, and North America. With cocoa prices remaining relatively low, the need to lower labor costs becomes a necessity as production struggles to survive; thus children are employed to work the crops for cheap. According to the International Cocoa Organization, it has been estimated that more than 109,000 children work in the Ivory Coast’s cocoa industry and are working under the worst conditions. Not only are the conditions terrible by traditional standards but many as 10,000 of these kids are victims of human trafficking or enslavement. In 2010, a 10 million dollar program was given to the world’s top cocoa growing region in the Ivory Coast and Ghana who share a common cash crop. This program intended to prevent and stop the use of child labor on cocoa farms but faces many difficulties in its pursuit to end child labor in West Africa. By giving these companies the money to boost their revenue they can afford to not have child labor as a way to mitigate costs. Children are put to work carrying heavy loads, spraying toxic chemicals, and in danger of severely hurting themselves in the process of producing and harvesting crops. In a recent report in 2011 by BBC News, there was little change to the situation with child labor on the Ivory Coast. Companies who buy from the Ivory Coast and any production plant in West Africa are being asked to take more responsibility and getting more involved with the production from which they are buying from. Simply paying for cocoa beans is not enough. The emphasis here is corporate social responsibility. West Africa is undoubtedly in need of development and European and North America companies are the best possible source for development in West Africa. Roads, schools, hospitals, and social areas for the youth to gather would significantly help the people of West Africa. Companies such as Kraft foods, Mars Inc., Nestle, Ferrero Group, and Hershey Foods Corp are all major players in the cocoa industry who buy and process the cocoa beans into chocolate. The main distribution channel for the cocoa industry is the retail channel. Cocoa beans are harvested and sold by the metric tons to companies such as Kraft, Nestle, Ferrero, and Hershey’s. These companies then process the beans and manufacture the final chocolate product in their factories which are then distributed to retail stores across the country. A primary value driver for chocolates and other confectionary sweets is taste. Despite the recent recession, the cocoa and chocolate industry continued to grow and expand. People love chocolate and demand for chocolate has continued to grow. This demand and love for chocolate is beginning to make its way into highly populated areas such as China and India where the middle class is large, strong, and growing. Chocolate has been considered an affordable luxury. Despite rising health concerns chocolate is still in high demand, more specifically dark chocolate. The producers of cocoa beans like the Ivory Coast produce a commodity that is in high demand due to its versatility. Chocolate has many uses including, foods like desserts, sweets, and candy, medicine, and cosmetics. Dark chocolate has been proved to be part of a healthy diet. It is known to lower blood pressure and cholesterol, and has eight times the antioxidants of strawberries. In the chocolate and confectionary sweets industry, there are many long standing traditions that make chocolate such a strong industry. For decades, chocolates have been a staple of gift giving, like flower shops who focus on the sale of flowers, themed chocolates and delivery. Companies such as Costco, who sell in bulk, sell assortments of chocolate and charge by the pound. Premium or high end chocolate has been increasing in sales since the economy has been making strikes in recovery from the recession. On site baking has become more popular now as the smell of chocolate acts as free advertising. The chocolate and cocoa industry has remained strong and resilient from effects of the economy and the recent recession. Cur rently West Africa is producing cocoa under unstable political conditions. The turmoil and civil war on the Ivory Coast has left the country divided and suffering. Despite accusations that the Ivory Coast production of cocoa beans has been providing weapons and funding for both sides of the civil war, the production has been a ray of hope for the country. Due to the jobs provided for the people living in West Africa, crime rates and drug trafficking has declined, allowing people to work for a living that provides them the opportunity to live a life free of drugs and violence that has torn the land apart. The turmoil from the civil war on the Ivory Coast has caused prices to rise. Despite the rise in prices, companies continue to buy but at some point in the rise in prices, companies will pass. In January the price for a ton of cocoa was a little over $2,300. In September prices peaked at the highest it has ever been this year at just over $2,600. The price fell just slight at $2,463.54 a ton in October. With the turmoil in West Africa causing unstable political governments and civil war tearing the country apart, prices are expected to rise. This data was courtesy from the international cocoa organization. Strategy to reduce cost and/or assure supply With any commodity in the 21st century, constant usage and harvesting are issues that if not monitored can lead to shortages in supply, or possibly depletion of the commodity. There are bound to be problems somewhere along the timeline that can affect the condition of the commodity. Cocoa is no different in that there is constant threat of the commodity becoming scarce globally. Regardless of the recent recession and the recovering economy, cocoa is one of the few commodities around that wasn’t affected to a great extent as other commodities. To begin the 2012 year cocoa per ton cost buyers a little over $2,300. From January through August, the price of cocoa faced many ups and down but never going any lower than the price point in January. In September the price peaked at its highest price point for U.S. companies’ purchasing cocoa beans per ton at over $2,600. Since then it has dropped slightly but is expected to rise according to the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). Here is a graph illustrating the price changes for the year (Data courtesy of International Cocoa Organization). According to the scientific American news, the cocoa industry is already reporting a 1.5 million ton shortage within the next 10 years or so. What could this potentially do to the price of cocoa in the coming months? Years? If shortages continue to increase than prices can only go up with each coming month. Now while the supply of cocoa decreases, global demand has been projected to rise for a commodity that is becoming more valuable and scarce by the order. The cocoa industry has a strong position in the market as a commodity that is versatile in its uses. The cocoa industry deals with futures contracts which basically means that the buyer agrees to pay for the shipment based on the price of the product the day the contract was made official. Commodity pricing constantly fluxuates monthly, therefore a futures contract protects both parties from any undue damage from prices increasing or decreasing. Reports from several sources including the Huffington Post, and commodity help HQ, have high hopes for the future of cocoa in terms of it being able to sustain itself. Numbers at this time last year are up and there isn’t a reason to really worry about the state of the cocoa industry. Placing an order for cocoa is very similar to writing a math equation. A simple cocoa contract consists of many key specifications. Each contract must state the ticker symbol, contract size or how much cocoa is being ordered; usually in metric tons, deliverable grades which depends on the growth of the country or climate and is divided into three grades. Countries such as the ones in West Africa; Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone are the main crops and receive a grade A classification. Classifications of B or C are smaller and cheaper, such as Venezuela, Malaysia and Haiti. Next the trader or buyer must specific contract months, which are specified by letter coding for each month; for example May is coded K. Next the trading hours must be specified, last trading day, last delivery day, price quotes, tick size which indicates what the size of the order is, and daily price limits. An example formula can read â€Å"CC8K @ 1363†. The CC is the ticker symbol, the 8 indicates the year (2008), K tells us the month which is May, and the numbe r indicates the dollar amount per metric ton. Say the order size was 10 metric tons, the size would be multiplied by the dollar amount per ton. When it comes to possibilities of making cocoa in house, for many companies it becomes a daunting task and nearly impossible to simulate the conditions that allow cocoa trees to grow optimally. It is nearly impossible to produce the same cocoa beans as the beans grown in West Africa. Near the equator where it’s optimally warm, the conditions are right, the soil is ripe to grow cocoa beans in which give the bean a distinct taste. Moving production anywhere else may change the taste and alter the quality. Temperatures for healthy growth range from 69-90 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures lower than 59 can become fatal for the plant. Also adding to the tough conditions is that cocoa trees need no more than 2000 millimeters of annual rainfall. These conditions can leave the tree vulnerable to climate changes. In a study done by the Scientific American news site, scientists are predicting that by 2060 half of the cocoa producing countries may become too hot. The heat is not the only problem in this situation; it’s the pollinators of the trees that become affected as well. Bees and butterflies are common pollinators and cocoa flowers can be pollinated by midges, small flies or by hand. However these climate shifts in temperature could leave the country without bee colonies. In 1983-1984, cocoa production had reached a respectable level of 1.5 million tons. In twenty years this number doubled. The troubling fact to be considered here was that the number hadn’t doubled because of any technological advancement but because more land was acquired. The Ivory Coast is one of the most unstable countries in the world not just politically but economically. Civil war has divided the landscape and because of the lack of growth the country has remained third world. Lack of education, jobs, and healthy outlets have left many West Africans to turn to drug dealing and human trafficking. With the extra land acquired for the cocoa trees, labor was short and there were plenty of children to put to work. The world is looking to put an end to child labor in cocoa producing countries. The cocoa industry has quite the road ahead of them towards recovery as an industry and as a nation for which they work in. Realistically there is no suitable substitute for this commodity. With nearly 70% of the world’s cocoa produced in West Africa, which includes the Ivory Coast, Indonesia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon. With climate changes making weather conditions too hot, which will indefinitely affect the top three producers of cocoa beans in the Ivory Coast and Indonesia, and Ghana, it will become difficult for countries to get their cocoa. Before when it was just Europe and North America, supplies could take such a hit; but with developing middle class countries like China, and South Korea coming into the mix it will be tougher to acquire what is needed. Shortages lead to price increases, and at some point companies will simply pass on the commodity and move onto other things until prices fall. There are several solutions to the problems environmentally, politically, and agriculturally in West Africa. Corporations who buy cocoa from these countries may need to step in to help the growth of the country by providing access to education, hospitals, all the essentials that help societies grow. Corporations may give money to these countries to help production and attempt to prevent child labor practices but it will never be enough. Political instability , civil war, and child labor are all issues connected to the well being of communities tied to West Africa. Another solution is possibly a pipe dream but a realistic attempt at countering climate changes that could affect the cocoa trees. Scientists are working on creating heat resistant beans to counter the rise in temperatures so that crops can be more resilient and yield more. Moving crops to cooler climates in Russia and Asia have also been considered to balance the additional heat. One other solution is to help the farmers directly. Teach the farmers techniques; show them methods that they can use on their farms. Help provide proper and modern tools and technology to make the entire farming process easier for everyone. It is difficult to say what is right and what is wrong in this instance but something needs to be done if European and American companies wish to satisfy a rising demand with such a versatile commodity. Commodity HQ, a trading a commodity research site predicts that the futures for cocoa is strong and has been soaring compared to last year’s performance. Cocoa is one of the most popular soft commodities in the market. Regardless of the drop in futures and the effects of the most recent recession, cocoa has remained strong and resilient to any effects. By the end of 2011, cocoa futures have experienced a 41% drop. Comparing this year’s numbers to last year there is already a 7.6% increase and this number for this year has continued to soar. When looking at the production of cocoa, the Ivory Coast is the leader as they double the production of their next best competitor in Indonesia. The clientele who buy cocoa from West African countries like the Ivory Coast and Indonesia are modern, well developed countries like the U.S. whereas West Africa is still very much third world. As demand continues to grow as demonstrated with China and South Korea entering the cocoa market along with the U.S. and Europe, this list is only going to grow as the commodity becomes more popular. As weather conditions affect the production of cocoa, civil war on the Ivory Coast, child labor, and over harvesting effect the commodity, shortages will occur. When shortages occur, prices rise exponentially, which leaves one to wonder how far can the price increase before companies around the world decide to call it quits and pull out of the cocoa industry? People love chocolate, and that is not an understatement. Cocoa, cocoa powder, chocolate, and cocoa butter are all variations of the original plant. The future of cocoa looks very bright. The only external factors that may affect the commodity are the political strife’s, climate changes, and practices in production. Works Cited Cadbury. Cocoa and Chocolate. 2012. 26 October 2012 http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treesandmarkets/inaforesta/documents/cocoa%20and%20chocolate/cocoa%20and%20chocolate.pdf. Canizaro, Mark. All About Chocolate. 2002. 26 October 2012 http://www.xocoatl.org/variety.htm. Service, Transport Information. Cocoa Beans. 2012. 26 10 2012 http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/genuss/kakao/kakao.htm.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Sociological Areas Of Criminology Sociology Essay

Sociological Areas Of Criminology Sociology Essay Before discussing the social areas of crime. We have to understand what crime is? if any body breaks the criminal laws it may be defined as crime. (sociology making..,2009,page- 556) In sociological aspect of crime sociologists believe that crime cannot be properly understood without examining the surrounding social, political and economical context (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-sociological-criminology.htm). The sociological areas of studying crime is really massive. Sometimes the criminals may be caught and sometimes they may not. Some criminals use to advertise themselves and some keep silence. The numbers of crime is always high than the numbers shown. Sociological study of crime is basically the case study of those criminals who breaks the rules of society and not advertise themselves because ht behaviour is always much problematic and painful. The study of crime is always tough because the researchers need to find the subject. In sociological approach the study depends on th e way which highlights that how anyone does crime. What social conditions compailed the person to do a crime and be a criminal. Sociological criminology seeks to explain crime`s relationship to social and environmental change. Another area of social criminology is based on marxism theory. It highlights that crime is ultimately the result of conflict between different social classes. This theory believes that basically laws are made by the group that is in power, to control people who are not in power. This is conflict theory of crime or critical criminology. Another sociological areas of criminology is social process criminology which explain that how people criminals. In this study basic focus is on criminal behaviour as learned behaviour. So, we can say that in sociological areas of criminology we emphasis on social situations responsible for crime. (sociology making..,2009,page- 557) Sociological areas of family Family is the strongest bond of society. It is the main institution of society which is found within the households. Family always changes across time and place and its a social construction. (mckie et al,2005,page- 445) In sociology areas of family we study the various theoretical approaches to the family. Some sociological approaches of families are functionalist, feminist and new rights perspective. The functionalist theory of family is based on socialization. It emphasis that the family socialise its members and this socialisation is beneficial for both family and the society. Feminist approach is the study based on the position of a men within a patriarchal society. The new sight perspective is the study that how family teaches its members that what is wrong and what is right. Another sociological areas of family is the study of decline in family. This area is based on the study of social problems related with family. This study is mostly based on western society. First part of this area is based on family violence. Family is a good and peaceful place but according to this study family can be a dangerous place to be. This problem is mostly caused in nuclear family. Domestic violence is another s ocial problem of family. Physical force applied on women and children caused by aggressiveness is the part of domestic violence. In simple words we can say that the sociological area of family describes both benefits and problems of the society caused by the family. Sociological areas of media Present age is the age of media. Media is unseparated part of today`s life. Most of the information we gathered from the media. In one hand media educates us and in other it is the real source of connecting people. Many types of media is present in today`s society like television, radio, newspaper, internet, etc. We can say that without media we cannot imagine the normal life. It is the accepted part of life. We spend our maximum part of time and money for using media. In (1998, brigs and cobley) extend his views to assert that as we more into the new millenmium the media are increasingly a central part of our lives, our cultures and global economics. (sociology making..,2009,page- 685) Because of this mass effect media has vast sociological area. It shows a very effective role in society different writers analayse and identified the different aspects of media in society. (Mcquail ,1994) drawed a red sketch on media`s social areas. As (mcquail ,1994) described some important social areas of media is as follows:- Information: à ¢-  Media circulates the information about different conditions and events of world and society. à ¢-  It indicates the relation of power. à ¢-  Media facilitate the innovations, adaptions and progress. Correlation: à ¢-  Media explains, interprets and comments on the meaning of events and information. à ¢-  Media provides support to established authority and norms. à ¢-  Media does consensus building. à ¢-  Media sets orders of priorities and signalling relative status. Continuity: à ¢-  Media expresses the dominant culture and recorganises subcultures and new cultural developments. à ¢-  It forges and maintaines common values. Entertainment: à ¢-  Media provides amusement, diversion and means of relaxation. à ¢-  Media reduces social tension by the resource of entertainment. Mobilization: à ¢-  Media campaigning for societal objectives in the sphere of polities, war, economic development, work and sometimes religion. (Mcquail, 1994:79), (sociology making, 2009, page-712) In conclusion we can say that media has the power to change the attitudes and behaviour of society. Media is an important factor of socialization. Media influences on the individual, the group, the institution or culture in general. Moral panics In the words of (stanlay cohen, 1987) moral panic is a condition, episode, person or group of persons became defined as a threat to societal values and interests. (http://en.citizendium.org/moralpanic) As (stanly cohen, 1987) described in his book (Folk devils and moral panics) some moral panics of society are:- à ¢-  Young, working- class, violent males, youth culture and juvenile delinquency. à ¢-  School violence. à ¢-  Bad drugs, wrong drugs used by wrong people at wrong times. à ¢-  Child abuse, sexual and satanic. à ¢-  Sex, violence and blaming media. à ¢-  Welfare cheats and single mothers. à ¢-  Pornography. à ¢-  Refuges and asylum seekers. (http://en.citizendium.org/moralpanic) The idea of moral panic was originally developed to explain the demonization of young people as a social problem and the scapegoating of certain subcultural groups in particular. (sociology making..,2009,page- 735) Jock young used firstly the term moral panic to describe the impact upon public anxiety of creation of `drug squads` in 1960s. Then this concept borrowed by (Stan cohen, 1972) in his classic study of mods and rockers and their treatment by the media and the police in the early 1960s. Stanley cohen, 1972 showed in his work that how media intervention gave from to different subcultural groups and represented them as threatening `folk devil`. In nineteenth century the famous sociologist (person, 1983) used the idea of moral panic to explore the fears generated by the emergence of urban gangs. As (person, 1983) conclude cited in (Toynbee,1983) that every era has its young gangs that catch the terrified imagination of the respectable. Every era also has its myth about a previou s golden age of traditional values, a time when it was safer to walk the streets. Intervention of media gives youth subcultures national exposure and degree of uniformity and definition. (sociology making, 2009, page-734-735)

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Why students may choose Malaysia as a place to study

Why students may choose Malaysia as a place to study Introduction 1.0 Introduction Several research have been done on international students travel patterns, behaviors, motivations and expenditures. In 2008 the Higher Education Ministry Marketing and International Education Division director Dr Mohamed Nasser Mohamed Noor together with the immigration department did an observation on numbers of international students that came to Malaysia and found that the numbers has increased 30% from the previous year which is 65,000 compared to 48,000 in year 2006. The total number is the sum of international students that enrolled in both of the public and the private international institution of higher education. According to Ahmad Nazri (2005) by the year 2010 the government expected and targeted 100,000 international students further their studies in Malaysia and since then, numerous of study either on the travel patterns, behaviors, motivations or expenditures of the international students in Malaysia had been done by public and private university students. Dato Sri Ng Yen Yen, (2009) concludes that Malaysias tourism industry is the second (2nd) highest contributor to the country and it contributed significantly to the Malaysian economy. By importing and receiving more international students they will play the role as a domestic tourist and also a host to visiting friends and relatives (VFR) who came down visiting Malaysia. Studies have proven that the international students and their VFR spends a lot in domestically which will give an impact towards the country economy. For 2005, the Malaysian government estimated that the international students have contributed RM1.5 billion to the Malaysia economy. Tourism has a variety economy impacts. Either direct or indirect contributions. The most direct contribution towards the economy is using local transportation like bus, train or domestic flight and lodging to local accommodations. Other than that, tourist expenditure towards the attractions such as amusement park, museum, shopping complex and restaurants also been categorized as a direct contribution. All in all, Malaysia is still lacking of observation on this issues because other than promoting and expand the information on Malaysia being the international high education, the government didnt invest in anything to maintain and sustain the fact that there will be more than 100, 000 international students that going to enrolled in local and international institutions from public and private universities to public and private colleges. Table 1 as stated above shows the top 10 countries of international students in Malaysia in 2010. A complete draft of the top 10 countries of international students in Malaysia will be attach as Appendix A for future reference. From the table, it shows that, majority of the international students are from china. International students have their own motivation or intention on why they study abroad on certain country. These motivations can be clarified as multi dimension where it may attract by various factors. One of the various factors may involved push and pull motives in bringing them or taking them out of their comfort zone. It may not be the education factors that attract the international students to study abroad it maybe the destination itself. The attractiveness of a destination according to Metin Kozak on his comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations article is an important element that pulls the tourist in their decision making towards the destination. On the global scale as per mention by Weaver and Oppermann, domestic travelers is one of the biggest contributor to the country where there spend a lot compared to the international travelers. International students who stays in a particular country for more than a year and have still have their student permit is consider as domestic tourist. Therefore, whenever they are out vacation or spending in the country (40kilometers away from their resident) itself, there are call domestic tourist. There are numerous of factors in why the international students travel domestically during their study in a particular country. To add up, the Malaysian government has come out with holidays breaks or holiday seasons throughout the year not only for schools but also for working labors. This holiday breaks and holiday season more or less a direct and indirect motivation to all residents of Malaysia to go out and have their vacation and spend. Table 2 as stated below is the holiday breaks and holiday season in Malaysia throughout the year. 1.1 Problem Statement Based on the Ninth Malaysian Plan that Malaysia is becoming the hub of education due the unique education system, Malaysia has a range of qualifications and courses that has been provided in numerous institutions from public and private universities to public and private colleges. Currently more and more international students all over the world interested in studying in Malaysia. The main attractions that attracts the international students to study away from their home may be because of the affordable living cost and tuition fees. Other than that the well planned infrastructure and culture, language and heritage. There is a lot to inquiry in the matter on why or what influenced them to come and study in Malaysia. Majority of the international students that enrolled in the Malaysian institutions are from China and Indonesia and followed by the Middle East and the African countries. Other than that, Malaysia also received great feedbacks from Japan, India, the United States and the United Kingdom. Other than the country that listed, Malaysian government had planned to promote and expand Malaysian international High Education at more than 70 destinations worldwide. The impact that Malaysia will get based on the hub higher education is massive growth on tourism economy. The more international students that came for education are attempt to stay longer and at once making them a domestic tourist which have more spending power than the local residents that are also known as domestic tourist. For that reason, a findings should be compile on the international students expenditure, travel behaviors, travel patterns and motivations during their study period in Malaysia so that the government understand the trends, need and demand of the international students for future purposes. 1.2 Research study objectives This study is aimed to achieve the following objectives : To investigate why the international students chose Malaysia on pursuing their studies away from their home country To identify the motivations that persuades the international students to travel and spend in Malaysia during their study period. To review how often the international students travel (domestically) during their study period in Malaysia To do a research in what are the main activities and attractions were visited by the international students during their travel in Malaysia. To investigate how much do the international students spends during their travel in Malaysia (domestically) To identify on what did the Malaysian government did to maintain or to promote this blooming activity of absorbing international students to their country. 1.3 Research study question Based on the statement stated earlier, as per follows are the research questions : Why the international students chose Malaysia on pursuing their studies away from their home country? What are the motivations that persuade the international students to travel and spend in Malaysia during their study period? How often the international students travel (domestically) during their study period in Malaysia? What are the main activities and attractions were visited by the international students during their travel in Malaysia? How much the international students spend during their travel in Malaysia (domestically)? What did the Malaysian government did to maintain or to promote this blooming activity of absorbing international students to their country? Scope of study This study will only focus on the travel patterns, behavior, motivation and expenditure of international students in both of local and international institutions from public and private universities to public and private colleges in Selangor. The collection of data will be conduct at four (4) well known local and international institutions in Selangor, KDU University College (Damansara), Segi University College (Damansara), University Malaya (UM) and University Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia. The four (4) listed institutions were picked out from a list of public and private local and international institutions in Selangor provided by the Ministry of Higher Education (www.jpt.mohe.gov.my). The four (4) listed institutions were picked out for this study is because of the location convenience and these four (4) institutions were believe as they are well establish institution in Selangor and were believe to increase the numbers of international students in Malaysia in the future. 1.5 Important of study Malaysia is becoming the hub of education as the Ministry of Education is aiming for the best and excellence education to attract the international students from all over the world to come and study in Malaysia. The intention of this study is to examine the contribution of international students towards Malaysia economy. By studying on the international students travelling patterns, behaviors, motivations and expenditure is important for the government and country where the government will know where the direct and indirect economic contributions came from and who or what are the major contributors to the country. By investigating the contributions and the contributor, not only the government but also the industry and the academic or education sector will attempts to understand the economic impact of the country that they had been brought in. Education sector for some country play a very important role on maintaining on their country economy. Generally education activities will lead to tourism activities and indirectly benefits the country economy. Nonetheless, by studying the motivations and the characteristic of the international students we could examine what are the key points of the attractions that attracted them so the government or the country could upgrade and maintain the attractions for future purposes. This is very important for Malaysian Tourism board to understand the international students markets towards Malaysia. With this study it will bring equal benefits to the Malaysia education and Malaysia tourism sector. This study will also help the government keep track on the numbers of the international students that came in achieving the target 100,000 international students by the year 2010. CHAPTER TWO Literature review 2.0 Introduction Literature review is needed in order to make this study relevant and applicable. Most of the literature review is from previous research and studies on international students travel patterns, behaviors, expenditure and motivations. In clarifying the research objectives and research question that was mention in chapter one, literature review is the utmost important component in this study. Various different sources were used in locating relevant information on this study. These includes library catalogue (Elib.kdu.edu.my, webpac.kdu.edu.my and elsivier-ebooks.com), online data based (bibliography, abstracts and dissertation, magazine and news) and most of related journal articles were reviewed from Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Journal of Tourism Studies, Journal of Travel Research, Journal of Vacation Marketing and other relevant journal articles that are related to the studies. After reviewing most of the journal articles, it seems that literature review on this study is limited here in Malaysia which means this study was not taken into a serious discussion. Theoretical and conceptual framework is been analyzed in this study in order to identify the main theory or factors and also to identify limitation of the study. As per listed are the findings from all the literature and it has been summarized accordingly. The literature that related to international students travel patterns, behaviors, expenditure and motivations were put into 1) Push and Pull factors : Motivation on study abroad, 2) Push and Pull factors : Motivation on travelling domestically, 3) Pull factors : motivation in spending 4) Most of the theories were found help us to understand the research question that have been stated in chapter one as per below. The research questions : What motivates international students choose Malaysia on pursuing their studies. What are the motivations that persuade the international students to travel and spend in Malaysia during their study period? How often the international students travel (domestically) during their study period in Malaysia? What are the main activities and attractions were visited by the international students during their travel in Malaysia? How much the international students spend during their travel in Malaysia (domestically)? What did the Malaysian government did to maintain or to promote this blooming activity of absorbing international students to their country? 2.1 Push and Pull factors : Motivation on study abroad A number of theory that been studied on the motivation on students study abroad. Push and pull factors are the main factors in driving students to study abroad. Push factors is a intangible factor where its pushing the students to go out from home and study abroad and moving out from their comfort zone due to the socioeconomic, economic, political and other circumstances that involved in their home country while for pull factors is a tangible factor where a destination is pulling the students to study at this particular country maybe because the stable economy, politics, infrastructure and other benefits of the host country. In simple words, the relation of pull and push factors are link to the destination choice of the international students depending on the destination attractiveness, influence and satisfaction of the destination. The international students market in coming to a particular country will generate direct or indirect economy impact as it a growing global market trend nowadays. An investigation made by Jianvittayakit on the travel motivation as the factor of international students chose foreign university in pursuing their study saying that educational factor in particular country is the main motivation to the international students to come to that destination and not the destination attractiveness. With the 88.63 percent response rate on the research survey, it shows that the travel and academic push motivation are important for the student social life where these students have desire to travel to other country and experience a new life in learning a new culture, heritage and language and basically will gain more life and work experience. The results of the study also shows that the pull factors of the destinations and as following are the main motivations on why students are motivate to go to a p articular destinations. The first one is the financial issues is where the economy of the country is stabilize and followed by tourist attraction and safety security of the destination. The findings show that both pull and push factors does have its own factors in influence and motivate the students to study abroad. Table 3 as stated below are the framework on the study of push and pull factors. Table 3 Travel and academic Pull and Push factor motivation Source : Jianvittayakit, L (2010) An investigation of travel motivation as a factor in international students choice of a foreign university : A Thailand case study In order to understand tourist choice of leisure destination, an analysis on the motivation factor on what pull the tourist to the destination is needed. From the study of Zhang, J. Marcussen C.(2007) on Tourist motivation, market segmentation and marketing strategies stated that the pull factors of a particular destination is mainly about the cultural, heritage and the natural attractions of the destinations. The tourist characteristics also play the role in choosing a destination. Example city breaker is a term for tourists that like to travel in the city compared to nature beach is a term for tourists that like to travel where beach are involve. It will also involve the activities and the travel and spending patterns due to significant different between the two (2) characteristic. In the analysis also mention that the destination developer need to understand the needs, wants and demands. The pull and push factors that been highlighted in the study in showing what makes the touris t chose the destination is basically as same as the table that shown above. A study by Mazzarol, T. Soutar, G. (2007) on the Push-Pull factors influencing international students selection of education destination stated the results on why the international students chose particular destination on pursuing their study. The main push factors stated that, due to lack of higher educational program in their home countries made the international students study abroad. Other than that technology development and language also play a role in push factors. For the pull factors, Mazzarol, T. Soutar, G. (2007) stated that there are six (6) main factors that really pull the international students. Information on the host country is needed where the international students may have more knowledge and awareness on the host country. If the host country already been recognize with good reputation, it easily can be recommend by the family, peers and teachers. The cost issues are also one of the main pull factors. The cost issues include the living expenses, the travel cost, tuition fees and others. A cost issue is important to the international students because there have limitation on money. The next factor is the environment and the geography factors. Environment and geography factors cover the climate and safety and security of the destination. No one wants to go to a destination where there are natural disasters. Basically the push and pull factors can be define same as the table 3 shown above. To sum up the push and pull factors on students study abroad, it looks like the push factor may be the main reason or motivation for students to study abroad. The analyze shows that, the limitation of the home country such as higher education programs and economical and political wise makes them travel and expand their horizon to another country where it is more opportunity for them. 2.2 Push and Pull factors : Motivation on travelling domestically People travel to full fill their needs, want and demand such food, climate, family, health, education and others and travelling may be domestically or internationally. People have various and different reason on why they travel domestic or international. A study by Kozak, M (2000) on Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations is mainly about exploring the differences between the motivations of those who are from different countries travelling to the same destinations and second, between the motivations of those who are from the same countries and travelling to two different destinations 2.3 Pull factors : Motivation on spending CHAPTER THREE Methodology 3.0 Introduction This chapter will have a clearer view on the travel patterns, behaviors, motivations and expenditures by the international students in Malaysia. This chapter will cover the research design, the research instruments, the population and sample and data collection. The time horizon that will be use in this study is cross sectional design where this study will take place only in year 2011. Cross sectional design is different from longitudinal design where cross sectional design only collects data at one single time compared to longitudinal design where the period of collecting the data is a more little longer. 3.1 Research Design In considering the research objectives and question, the quantitative methods will be using in this study in understanding the travel patterns, behaviors, motivations and expenditures by the international students in Malaysia. This study is using survey research method to get more understanding about the respondents. On the designing the study research, these following steps were involve. First is gathering all the literature that is strongly related and relevant to the study to get understanding about the subjects and to educate self. Next step is identify the research objectives together with coming out with the research question on the subject. After identifying both of the research objectives and question, the right research methods were selected to carry the study. Research and analyze on the research instruments will be develop as the online questionnaire survey. Moving on is the step where selecting the population and sample of universities and respondents who will involve in this study. When the population and sample together with the questionnaire has been approved, distributing of the online questionnaire survey to the sample stage will be handling. The results the online questionnaire survey will be collect and analyze for its reliability and usability. And the end stage of the research design is analyzing the data that have been collect and to interpret the result. 3.2 Research Instruments Online questionnaire survey and normal survey papers will be used in this study because it is more appropriate compared than interviews session. Using online questionnaire survey will save time and cost due to this survey will take place in four (4) local and international institutions in Selangor, KDU University College (Damansara), Segi University College (Damansara), University Malaya (UM) and University Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIA) in short period of time. And the advantage of online questionnaire survey is, the respondents which are the international students will have own time on answering the survey. A structured online questionnaire survey will be given to respective lecturers for all four (4) institutions. The lecturers will be ask to give out the online questionnaire to the international students. The questionnaire was developed to compile data on international students travel patterns, behaviors, motivations and expenditures in Malaysia. The online questionnaire survey is in English where English is the language that be easily understand by the international students in Malaysia. The online questionnaire survey begin with a briefly introduction on the purpose of this study informing the respondents that all the survey information is will be only use by this research and all information that been share will be completely confidential. The online questionnaire survey is a close ended question and purposely made in three parts to avoid confusion during the surveys. Demographics characteristic question such as gender, age, country of origin, program studying in Malaysia is in part one of the online questionnaire survey and on the second part of the online questionnaire survey is measuring the on why the international students chose Malaysia in pursuing their studies, what motivates the international students to travel, how much the international students spend during their travel. Both were in close ended questionnaire. The last part of the questionnaire is scaling question. Five point scale range from 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree which requires respondents to circle one (1) point for each question 3.3 Population and Sample This study will be conduct at four (4) well known local and international institutions in Selangor, KDU University College (Damansara), Segi University College (Damansara), University Malaya (UM) and University Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIA) which will involve their international students. As per mention in chapter one (1), the four (4) listed intuitions were picked out from a list of public and private local and international institutions in Selangor provided by the Ministry of Higher Education (www.jpt.mohe.gov.my). The four (4) listed institutions were picked out for this study is because of the location convenience and these four (4) institutions were believe as they are well establish institution in Selangor and were believe to increase the numbers of international students in Malaysia in the future. Majority of the international students from each institution that stated above will be involve for this study. And from the list, 100 international students from each institution will be selected by using the random sampling method. Random sampling method were chosen because to avoid bias during the whole study. The 100 international students will be choose via the computer using the SPSS version 17 out from the sample frame which will be provide by the institutions. By performing this, each student will have the same chance of being selected meaning there will be no biased. The sample frame consists of all the international students that are studying in the institution. A copy of the online questionnaire survey will be attach as Appendix B for future reference. 3.4 Data Collection The data collection for all four (4) institutions will take place in early March 2011 where new semester will take place. In order to make the data collection of this study flawless, a visit to the administration office of all four (4) institutions will be made in order to secure permission in doing the online survey. An official letter also will be given to make it official. A copy of the official letter of performing the online survey will attach as Appendix C for future reference. According to all four (4) administration officer, the easiest way to reach for the international students in completing the survey is during their computer classes. The site or the URL of the online questionnaire survey will be given to the respective lecturer and the site or the URL will be given to the respondents at the end of their class. 3.5 Data Analysis In analyzing the data that will be collect, frequency analysis will be use in summarizing the data. Frequency analysis is one of the descriptive statistic components where it only can be computed by the computer. Analyzing by using the SPSS version 17, the summary of the data will be shown in histogram forms. Other than the frequency analysis methods, the chi square test also will be use to test the relationship between the demographics and the travel patterns, behaviors, motivations and expenditures of the international students. Correlation and regression also will be use in this data analysis. Both methods will be use in order to analyze two (2) variables whether they associated with each other or otherwise.